1. Cement 1.Production rose by 60% in the last 10 years 2.China: 44% of world production 3.Top 10 companies represent 55% of global capacity, but many very small plants 4.Little Trade: Only 5.8% traded internationally 5.No global cement association

2. Cement energy use & emissions Raw materials preparation Clinker production Finish grinding Energy input: heat  electricity 10% 70% CO 2 output:  chemical process  energy 5% 40%50% 4.6% of global GHG emissions

3. Cement emissions intensities Source: Worrell et al (2001): ‘Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry’ in Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 26:303-29.

4. Scope for progress in cement 1.Use of dry preheater rotary kilns (≥ 22% reduction compared to wet kilns) 2.Increased use of low carbon & alternative fuels (15% reduction globally) 3.Production of cement and energy at the same time (5-10%) [CHP principle] 4.Reduction of clinker production emissions: a.Increasing the amount of additives (7% reduction globally) b.Use of alternative binders (≤ 80 % )