1. Heat and Temperature PHYS 1090 Unit 4

2. Put Your Hands Together! (Activity 1) Doing work on your hands made them warmer. Adding energy raised the temperature. Work had the same effect as heat.

3. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat James Joule’s life-long obsession No difference between adding heat to a system and doing work on it. Source: Griffith, The Physics of Everyday Phenomena

4. Heat Units Joule Calorie (cal): amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C (or K) = 4.184 J. British Thermal Unit (BTU): amount of heat needed to raise 1 pound of water 1 degree F = 1054.35 J

5. Specific Heat The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of substance. –C = specific heat –q = heat added –m = mass of sample –  T = temperature change C p = q mTmT

6. Another Heat Unit U.S. Food Calorie: Cal = 1000 cal Food energy values are often presented in kJ in other countries

7. First Law of Thermodynamics  E = q + w where  E = change in internal energy q = heat input w = work input

8. Kinetic-Molecular Theory Everything is made of molecules. The molecules are constantly moving in random directions. (Absolute) temperature is proportional to molecular translational kinetic energy. Molecules colliding with objects they contact causes pressure.

9. Absolute Zero When molecules have zero kinetic energy Absolute zero = −273.15 °C Kelvin temperature = °C + 273.15 Absolute zero = 0 K 0 °C = 273.15 K

10. Liquid N 2 Boil (Activity 2) More boiled away with cold water More heat transferred from cold water Because there was more cold than hot water

11. Warm and Cool Colors (Activity 3) Dye dispersed faster in warm water. Why? Water molecules were moving faster in the warm water.

12. Phase Change (Activity 4) Melting ice temperature was constant even though heat was being added –Specific heat is infinite? Boiling water temperature was also constant –Boiling temperature  100°C?

13. Sensing Latent Heats (Activity 5) Evaporation is a cooling process. Condensation is a warming process.

14. Phase Changes Potential energies: During a phase change, potential energy, not kinetic energy (temperature) changes. Heating or cooling a changing phase does not change its temperature! Solid Liquid Gas condensefreeze evaporatemelt deposit sublime

15. Phase Changes Melting, boiling, freezing, condensing… Added or removed heat changes the substance’s potential rather than kinetic energy Water freezes at 0 °C, boils 100 °C Not all heat transfer is expressed as a temperature change.

16. Heats of Phase Changes To melt 1 kg water at 0 °C: 335 kJ To boil 1 kg water at 100 °C: 2,255 kJ

17. ice Liquid water steam Heating Curve for Water Water boils Ice melts 335 kJ/kg 2,255 kJ/kg

18. Heat Transfer Mechanisms Heat transfers between objects by: Conduction: collisional transfer of kinetic energy Convection: buoyancy-driven fluid circulation Radiation and absorption of electromagnetic waves

19. Conduction (Activity 6) Thermal energy moves through different materials at different speeds. Conductivity varies with material; solids > liquids > gases

20. Convection Hot water stayed on top, cold stayed on the bottom Hot water moved to the top, cold to the bottom (with mixing)

21. Radiation (Activity 8) Coil heated your hand from afar. Heating less intense farther away. Aluminum blocked heat.

22. Radiation Power output increases as T 4. Objects are heated by absorbing radiation. Objects are cooled by emitting radiation.

23. Entropy (Activity 9) Dice moved in either direction with equal probability Began highly localized Localized  Dispersed Inevitable and irreversible

24. Model of Diffusion Particles randomly move from high concentration to low concentration –Individual flow either way –Net flow high → low –Equilibrium: uniformity Energy flows in the same way –Transfer in collisions –Heat flow: high temp → low temp

25. Entropy A measure of “disorder” Related to the number of equivalent ways to arrange a system Low entropyHigh entropy

26. Overall Summary Particles and energy tend to become spread out uniformly. Total entropy increases in all processes that actually occur.

27. Drinking Bird Evaporation from the bird’s head cooled the vapor inside. This reduced the head pressure to less than in the bottom bulb. The higher pressure in the bottom pushed the fluid uphill, making the bird top-heavy.