1. Colligative Properties

2. How does the solute change the properties of the solvent? Consider aqueous solutions. Solvent = water. How do the properties of the solution compare to the properties of pure water?

3. Conductivity Pure water does not conduct electricity. Some solutions do. In order to conduct a current, a solution must contain ions. Conductivity depends on the nature of the particle – Molecular solutes do not conduct.

4. Colligative Properties Depend on the number of particles in solution not on the type of particles. –Doesn’t matter if particles are ions or molecules. does –Concentration of particles does matter.

5. What are some colligative properties? Vapor Pressure Lowering Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation Osmotic Pressure The higher the concentration of solute particles, the larger the effect!

6. Colligative Properties Useful for determining the nature of solute after it is dissolved in the solvent Useful for determining the molecular mass of the solute

7. Vapor Pressure Lowering Presence of nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solution compared to that of the pure solvent. Has implications for the phase diagram. Normal b.p. = temperature at which the v.p. = 1 atm. So, solutions must be heated to a higher T to reach a v.p. of 1 atm. Boiling Point Elevation

8. Nonvolatile Solute Pure solvent Solvent + a nonvolatile solute (nrp) New triple point.

9. Change in boiling point,  T b  T b = T b – T b 0  T b = boiling point of solution – boiling point of solvent (T b > T b 0 ) so  T b is always a positive #.  T b = K b m solute –K b = a constant characteristic of the solvent = molal boiling-point elevation constant (  C/m) –m solute = molality of the solute in solution

10.  T b = K b m solute The higher the concentration, the bigger the effect. So solutes stretch out the temperature range of the liquid phase. 0C0C 100  C More concentrated solutions  Pure H 2 O

11. Boiling Point of Solution What is the boiling point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62 g/mol. K b for water is 0.51  C  kg/mol. Boiling point of pure water = 100  C

12. Boiling Point of Solution  T b = K b m solute Moles ethylene glycol = 478g / 62 g/mol =7.71 Molality ethylene glycol = 7.71 mol / 3.202 kg H 2 O = 2.41 m  T b = ( 0.51  C  kg/mol)(2.41 mol/kg) = 1.23  C Boiling Point of Solution =  T b + T b  = 101.23  C

13. Calculating Molar Mass m solute =  T b /K b m solute = moles solute/kg solvent And moles solute = mass solute/FM  (mass solute/FM) =  T b /K b kg solvent

14. Calculating Molar Mass Rearranging: FM = (kg solvent)(  T b ) K b (mass solute)

15. K b (mass solute) FM = (kg solvent)(  T b ) T b  of pure benzene = 80.1  C K b for benzene is 2.53  C  kg/mol 10.9 grams of unknown solute are dissolved in 75.8 grams of benzene. T b of the solution is 82.1  C. Estimate the molar mass of the solute. So  T b = 2.0  C

16. K b (mass solute) FM = (kg solvent)(  T b ) FM = (2.53  C  kg/mol)(10.9 g) (0.0758 kg)(2.0  C) FM = 182 g/mol

17. Change in freezing point,  T f  T f = T f 0 – T f  T f = freezing point of solvent – freezing point of solution. (T f 0 > T f ) always positive  T f = K f m solute –K f = molal freezing-point depression constant of the solvent (  C/m) –m = molality of solute in solution

18. What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol in 3202 g of H 2 O? Formula mass of ethylene glycol = 62 g/mol. Moles of ethylene glycol = 478 g/62 g/mol = 7.71 moles. For water, K f = 1.86  C/m. Molality = 7.71 moles/3.202 kg = 2.41 m.  T f = K f m = (1.86  C/m)(2.41 m) = 4.48  C. T f = 0.0  C – 4.48  C = -4.48  C

19. Does it matter if the solute is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte? The number of particles will vary. Electrolytes will dissolve to produce positive and negative ions  more particles per mole of solute. For nonelectrolytes, 1-to-1 relationship between moles of solute and moles of dissolved particles.

20. C 6 H 12 O 6 Nonelectrolyte Dissolves as molecules C 6 H 12 O 6 (s)  C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 1 mole of sugar yields 1 mole of molecules

21. NaCl Electrolyte (salt) Dissolves as ions NaCl(s)  Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) 1 mole of salt yields 2 moles of ions

22. MgCl 2 Electrolyte Dissolves as ions MgCl 2 (s)  Mg 2+ (aq) + 2Cl - (aq) 1 mole of salt yields 3 moles of ions

23. Nature of solute Colligative properties depend on concentration of solute particles Use experimental data to determine moles of particles in solution.

24. Real Life Salts do not always exhibit complete dissociation. Result: The actual  T b or  T f is less than predicted from the dissolving equation. Evidence that “Ion-pairing” occurs in solution. –More ion pairing in concentrated solutions & when ions have multiple charges.

25. As a solute is added to a solvent, what happens to the freezing point & the boiling point of the solution? 1) 1) The freezing point decreases & the boiling point decreases. 2) The freezing point decreases & the boiling point increases. 3) The freezing point increases & the boiling point decreases. 4) The freezing point increases & the boiling point increases.

26. Which solution containing 1 mole of solute dissolved in 1000 g of water has the lowest freezing point? 1)C 2 H 5 OH(aq) 2)NaCl(aq) 3)KOH 4) CaCl 2 Be careful! What if the question asked which solution has the highest freezing point? Lowest FP! Highest FP!

27. Of the following solutions, the one that will freeze at the lowest temperature contains 1 mole of nonvolatile solute dissolved in 1) 250 g of solvent 2) 500 g of solvent 3) 750 g of solvent 4) 1000 g of solvent

28. Which solute, when added to 1000 g of water, will produce a solution with the highest boiling point? 1)29 g of NaCl 2)58 g of NaCl 3)31 g of C 2 H 6 O 2 4) 62 g of C 2 H 6 O 2 About 1 mole of NaCl. 2 moles of ions. About 1 mole of C 2 H 6 O 2. 1 mole of molecules.

29. Which solution will freeze at the lowest temperature? 1)1 g of NaCl dissolved per 100 g of H 2 O 2)1 g of NaCl dissolved per 1000 g of H 2 O 3) 1 g of C 12 H 22 O 11 dissolved per 100 g of H 2 O 4) 1 g of C 12 H 22 O 11 dissolved per 1000 g of H 2 O

30. Which solution will freeze at the lowest temperature? 1) 1 g of NaCl dissolved per 100 g of H 2 O 1 g  58.8 g/mole = 0.017 moles  0.034 moles of ions. 3) 1 g of C 12 H 22 O 11 dissolved per 100 g of H 2 O 1 g  232 g/mole = 0.0043 moles of molecules

31. Effect of NonvolatileSolute Effect of Nonvolatile Solute Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression The more particles, the bigger the effect!

32. Applications of colligative properties Salting roads in the winter time. Using salted ice to make ice cream. Antifreeze in radiator to protect water from overheating or freezing

33. Osmosis

34. A solution and a pure solvent are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solvent, but NOT solute molecules, can pass through the membrane.

35. Osmosis The solvent flows from the region of higher solvent concentration to the region of lower solvent concentration. Volume solution  and volume solvent  as a f(t) At equilibrium, the liquid levels stop changing. More hydrostatic pressure on the solution than on the solvent.

36. Hydrostatic pressure due to

37. Another common set-up

38. Osmotic Pressure Minimum hydrostatic pressure that stops the net flow of solvent across the membrane into the solution. Can be used to characterize solutions and determine molar mass Small concentration of solute  produces large osmotic pressure

40. Net movement of solvent into solution over time. At equilibrium Note: the phrases “more and less concentrated solution” relate to the initial and final conditions of the solution in the bulb. The pure solvent is outside the bulb.

41. At equilibrium Net flow of water across membrane.

44. Reverse Osmosis