1. QED Disinfection of Drinking Water in the Developing World Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 1

2. WHO/UNICEF estimates 1 billion people in the developing world do not have access to safe drinking water. Conventional water treatment is unfeasible because of costs. Electricity to boil water is not available Boiling water by building a fire is not convenient What to do? Introduction 2 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman

3. Proposal QED induced EM radiation from body heat in a hand-held nano- coated aluminum bowl provides the UV- C to inexpensively disinfect water without electricity. 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 3 QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic. UV-C = UV at 254 nm

4. Operating Principle QED converts body heat from the hand holding the bowl to UV-C radiation because the temperature of the nano- coating cannot increase by QM. QM = Quantum Mechanics 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 4

5. Nano Coating 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Applying a nano coating to a surface avoids natural convection and conserves body heat by emission of QED radiation instead of the usual temperature increase Suggesting: QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer? ( 3 modes known: Conduction, Radiation, Convection) 5

6. 4 th Mode of Heat Transfer 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Nano Coating conserves body heat without temperature increase as QED radiation bypasses natural convection to enhance heat transfer Body heat Macro Coating > 1 micron Temperature increase Natural convection QED Radiation Nano Coating < 100 nm Substrate 6 No temperature increase

7. Theory 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Heat Capacity of the Atom Conservation of Energy TIR Confinement Refractive Index 7

8. Heat Capacity of the Atom 300 K 8 Nano coatings kT 0.0258 eV Classical Physics (MD, Comsol) QM 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Atoms in nano coatings have no heat capacity

9. 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Conservation of Energy Lack of heat capacity by QM precludes EM energy conservation in nano coatings by an increase in temperature, but how does conservation proceed? Proposal Absorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED radiation in the nano coating - by frequency up - conversion to its TIR resonance TIR = Total Internal Reflection 9

10. If the refractive index n of the nano coating is greater than that of surroundings, the QED radiation is confined by TIR Nano coatings have high surface to volume ratio  EM energy is absorbed almost totally in the coating surfaces A wave standing between the surfaces is spontaneously created and released as QED radiation to surroundings f = ( c/n) / / 2 = d E = hf TIR Confinement 10 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman d Heat QED Radiation

11. Refractive Index 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman TIR confinement  n of the coating > substrate Examples ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on aluminum (n = 1), improved BHT 4-10 times OSU, 2010 Graphene [carbon (n = 2.42)] on silicon dioxide (n = 1.42) Improved BHT > 2 times Korea Scientific Reports, 4, 6276 (2014) 11

12. Application 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Analysis Coating Selection Body Heat Disinfection Dosage 12

13. Analysis 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 13 UV-C requires ZnO thickness about 50 nm

14. Coating Selection 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Initially, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on aluminum (n = 1) bowl. QED emission from 50 nm thicknesses produces EM radiation in the UV-C at 254 nm. But what about zinc toxicity? Currently, Al 2 O 3 ( n = 1.42) anodic oxidation of the aluminum (n = 1) bowl requires 90 nm thickness to produce UV-C Avoids toxicity as anodized surface may be sealed 14

15. Body Heat 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Total human body heat is about 100 W. Since the average surface area for adult men and women is about 1.75 m 2, the body heat Q is, Q = 57.1 W/m 2. = 5.71 mW / cm 2. 15

16. Disinfection Dosage 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman UV light as a disinfectant penetrates an organism’s cell walls and scrambles the genes to preclude reproduction. The US HEW guidelines for UV-C light disinfection require a minimum dose of 16 mJ / cm 2, but recently the National Sanitation Foundation International set 38 mJ / cm 2 For body heat Q = 5.71 mW / cm 2, the water must be held in the bowl from 3 to 6 seconds 16

17. Status 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 17 The QED induced disinfection of drinking water is currently under development and testing

18. Extensions 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman QED Apps not limited to drinking water Ebola – West Africa Smartphones - Everywhere Hand Rails & Poles - Dubai Flashlights - Canada 18

19. EBOLA 19 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Turn drinking bowl over for Ebola disinfection on near surfaces Ebola dosage = 0.4 mJ / cm 2  1 second scans

20. Smartphones – Everywhere 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 20 Add ZnO coating to touch screen Hand + Electronics Heat  Disinfection

21. Public Transport - Dubai 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 21 Dubai Metro Modify Hand Poles for Heat Source ZnO nano coating to steel poles  Disinfection

22. Body Heat Flashlight 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman Ann Makosinski - 16 year old - Canada Peltier Effect and VIS LED QED supersedes LED? 22

23. Collaboration 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman The applications of QED induced UV-C radiation in the disinfection of infectious diseases are numerous and diverse, the development of which is beyond the capability of the author. Collaboration with interested parties is solicited. Or just do it yourself and send me results 23

24. Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com http://www.nanoqed.org 8th Inter. Conf. on Thermal Engineering and Applications., May 18-21, 2015, Amman 24