1. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CARRIER (LNG)?
                                                                                     
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS CARRIER (LNG)

2. What is LNG ? Lique Natural Gas fied Natural Gas Natural GasO
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
At Minus 260 Fahrenheit (-162 C) O
Reduces to 1/600 of its original volume
Vessel insulation is crucial !

3. Membrane type LNG carrier tank layers of insulation
BALLAST
WATER
Then 4 layers
of insulation
The membrane is where there
have been “gluing” problems
OUTER
HULL
INNER
HULL
1.8 metres
(6 feet)
2nd layer
Insulation
2nd
Membrane
1st layer
Insulation
1st
Membrane

4. So where are all the reserves of natural gas then ?
Known reserves at 1 Jan 2011
Source:

5. ….or a combination of both… …. by pipeline …
There are 2 methods for transporting the gas
….or a combination of both…
…. by pipeline …
….or by sea…

6. ..and the ships get bigger and bigger PRISMATIC (Q - Max) TYPE
MEMBRANE TYPE
PRISMATIC (Q - Max) TYPE
MOSS-ROSENBURG TYPE
Tanks fully incorporated into the ship’s hull
Tanks independent of the ship’s hull

7. Loading, carriage and discharging LNG carriers
Cryogenic hose
Natural gas is cryogenically liquefied into LNG on-shore
Transferred from shore to vessel
LNG
PLANT
1) Directly at the terminal
2) Offshore at a buoy mooring
On board, LNG kept at boiling point (-162°C) to deliberately allow some “boil off”
Discharging is done EITHER :-
as LNG using cryogenic hoses (as with loading)
“Boil off”
TEMPERATURE
….. or by allowing LNG to vaporise on board (and then pumping as a gas)
Heat
Heat
STORAGE TANK

8. What is L G ? P Liquefied Petroleum Gas Odour added Propane (C3H8)
Liquefies at
Odour added
Propane (C3H8)
-42 ºC
Ethanethiol (CH3CH2SH )
Butane (C4H10)
-0.5 ºC
The greater the % of propane in the LPG, the more pressurized (or lower temperature) it needs to be, to remain liquefied
% of butane in the LPQ
Pounds per square inch pressure
required
Temperature (C)
Source:

9. Carriage of LPG
Semi-pressurized, semi-refrigerated ships have a cargo carrying capacity of 5,000 cubic metres under temperature and pressure condition of -10 degree Centigrade and 8.5 kg/ cm2 respectively.
Larger vessels can carry at temperature of -48 degree Centigrade.
As the boiling point of LPG is much higher than LNG, a re-liquefaction plant on the ship can load the cargo as gas and liquefy it onboard. Heating and cooling facilities are also provided for smooth discharging of the cargo

10. LNG CARRIER INSURANCE ISSUES
Current cost to build between $180,000, $290,000,000
(152,000 cu.m.)
(270,000 cu.m.)
BILL
$22,000,000 +
“Sloshing” Damage Claims
BILL
$35,000,000 +
Containment Systems Claims
Has led to
Total Loss
Insulation adhesive weakness claims
The only yards with repair capability…….
……are too busy building new ones !

11. L.N.G. Carriers For more information or a brochure, contact
Just one of 10 vessel types covered by Steve Harris during the Marsh Marine Insurance Weeks
For more information or a brochure, contact
Marion J. Paul, Marsh Norwich U.K.
Tel: + Intl 44 (0)