1. Preliminary Report on Socioeconomic Field Research for EACLIPSE Project

2. Research Question 4 How are livelihood systems of pastoralists and agro- pastoralists responding to climate change in the context of the evolving socioeconomic systems?

3. Field Methods Wealth Ranking Livelihood/Coping/Land Management Timeline Community mapping Single gender meetings Household survey

4. Loitokitok District

5. Study Sites in Loitoktok, Kenya VillageGroup RanchPredominant Livelihood Activities EmpironKimanaLivestock and agriculture Mbirikani Livestock and Tourism-related Activities RisaOlngulului-LolarashiPrimarily Livestock

6. Wealth Ranking Wealth Ranking Criteria Identified by Discussion Participants Distribution of Households by Wealth Rank EmpironMbirikaniRisa Wealthy18 (12%)39 (37%)14 (44%) Middle68 (45%)36 (34%)7 (22%) Poor64 (43%)30 (39%)11 (34%) Wealth ClassEmpironMbirikaniRisa Wealthy >5 acres, not leased out; > 100 cattle; has employees; takes children to ‘academies’ > 100 cattle and employment > 100 cattle and At least 30 acres Over six wives Educated children PoorLandless; No livestock; Casual worker Less than 10 cattle; No employment Less than 10 cattle; No wife or children

7. Mbirikani Timeline - Highlights 1976-77: rainfall decreased; leaves, not grasses; People begin businesses, buying/selling lstock, bush clearing/ burning for agriculture; 1984 – major drought, lstock to Tsavo; further ag expansion; improved breeds become common by ‘86; 1990 – sedentarization proceeds; GR cttee and community meet seasonally to decide on grazing pattern; 2003 – breakdown in seasonal grazing system; people settle in Olopololi (drivers: anticipation of subdivision; opposition politics; scarcity of building materials);

8. Group ranch grazing scheme

9. ZoneDescriptionMonths livestock are present Indaat’onkishuWet season grazing areaDecember-June Enkaron Dry season grazing area (literally, “staying without water”) July-November Olopololi Pasture reserved for calves; livestock for milking are given second priority; barred from human settlement; July-November Enkusero Area of black cotton soil which produces poor grasses for grazing Periodic OldonyoUsually used as drought refuge grazing (e.g., Oldonyo Enkop) Following failure of rainy season Maasai Land Classification

10. RISA: Black cotton soils and grasses