1. Shifts in Japan’s Political Economy Regime Adjustments and changes

2. Conservative dominance (’60s) Power and influence of conservatives rose –at the expense of the political left conservative supporters benefited –prosperity and peace –side payments successes in economy and in politics reinforced each other favorable international environment

3. Challenges (1970s and 1980s) Socioeconomic bases of support –new political parties, independent movements, and changes in voter patterns –divisions within regime supporters superseded earlier left-right divisions –central concern of regime continuity

4. Socioeconomic challenges

6. rise of large and technologically more sophisticated industries rise of the service sector firms relative decline of agriculture sector relative decline of small businesses shrinking bases of the conservative regime’s electoral coalition

7. Challenge 2: aging population

8. Challenge 3: labor shortage Economic success –rising demand for labor expanding influx of labor after WWII –low-cost, young, highly-skilled changing age profile of the population –bargaining power shift from management to labor

9. Challenges to LDP Urbanization and rise of middle class Socioeconomic base of conservative support shrank Mobilization capabilities of LDP supporters declined People identified with party independents increased –outnumbered LDP supporters in 1974

10. Challenges to LDP Increased voter option in 1960s and 1970s –formation of new parties –transformation of existing parties –in both conservative & the political left threatened both LDP and JSP threatened conservative electoral and legislative hegemony

11. LDP responses (1970s & ’80s) Attract new electoral support –shore up conservative support –draw away organized labor from DSP & JSP –attract the new middle class non-voters and non-partisan voters LDP dilemma between traditional supporters and new appeal

13. LDP responses Adjustments in policy or institutions less tightly linked policy profile firm-level cooperation with labor substantial deficit finance for political target fiscal austerity and privatization manufacturing firms became multinational defense and security policies

14. LDP electoral recovery

15. Economic recovery (1980s)

16. Bubble burst

17. Stock market woes (2000s)

18. International challenge External conditions –challenged conservative policies –threatened conservative socioeconomic support challenges to exchange rate policies –Bretton Woods monetary system broke down

19. International challenge international price of raw materials –Japan’s dependency on imported oil (99%) –oil prices quadrupled in 1973 –oil prices rose by 2.8 times in 1979-80 –inflation –balance of payments –domestic productivity

20. International challenge Increasing pressure from US and Europe –reductions in Japanese tariffs, import quotas, and non-tariff barriers –voluntary export restraints –open Japanese market –Japanese military spending challenges to vital aspects of Japan’s conservative economic policy profile