1. BE A SCIENTIST -- SAVE THE WORLD
Nanotechnology and Energy
Be a Scientist – Save the World!
BE A SCIENTIST -- SAVE THE WORLD
1996 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY
Slide 1 - Rice University
File Format: Microsoft Powerpoint - View as HTML Professor Richard E. Smalley Nobel Prize in Chemistry A 6 week summer project in – page paper in Nature. C60. Buckminster- ... cohesion.rice.edu/.../630%20RTI%20Fellows%20Symp% NEW.ppt
Powerpoint Lectures by Nobel Laureates at Supercourse
Source:
Date: April 20, 2010
Author: Eric Marler M.D.

2. Professor Richard E. Smalley 1943 - 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996
A 6 week summer project in 1985
2 – page paper in Nature
C60
Buckminster-
fullerene:
Buckyballs
with Robert F. Curl and Harold Kroto

3. National Nanotechnology Program White House – November 2003
Lonely Academic

4. Rick Smalley with his favorite students: anyone, any age!!

5. What is Nanotechnology?
“Nanotechnology now represents no less than the next Industrial Revolution.” Red Herring, December 2001
“Nanotechnology is all the rage… but what the heck is it?” Scientific American, September 2001
“Anything is nanotechnology that, under the rubric of nanotechnology, makes money.” Rice Alliance Technology Entrepreneurship Workshop, October 2002

6. What is Nanotechnology?
Molecular Engineering?
Nanobots?
Science Fiction

7. C60-wheel-assisted motions
Pivot
motion
Pivot &
Linear
motion
No lateral
motion
Pseudo-1D Brownian motion
Y. Shirai, K. Kelly

8. Synthesis of G4 NanoCar “Z”
Z NanoCar
Y. Shirai

9. Random Thermal Motion (Brownian Motion)
Pivot
&
rolling
NanoCars are mobile at high temperature (~194ºC), and show random thermal motion.
Pivot
&
rolling
Lateral motion is parallel to
NanoCar chassis.
(Pseudo-1D Brownian motion)
Supports the idea that
NanoCar is rolling,
not sliding via a stick slip mechanism
Pivot
&
rolling
NanoCollision!
Y. Shirai
K. Kelly

10. Nano-Hummer, The New H3

11. iPod Nano If your eyes are good enough to read them!
Apple's new Nano music player has several features that are not found in other iPods, such as the ability to display the lyrics of whatever song is now playing.
If your eyes are good enough to read them!
Paul Sakuma/Associated Press

12. Reality of Nanotech Hard drives Sunscreens Automotive catalysts
Car bumpers
Paints and coatings
Tennis balls and racquets
Stain-resistant clothing
New cancer therapies

13. Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

14. Nurturing Nanoscience into Nanotechnology
NNI
DOD Nano SRA
DARPA ULTRA
ONR PINS ARI
Most people associate nanotechnology with the National Nanotechnology Initiative, that began in The Navy was already investing in nanoscience in the mid-1980s when a scientific field by that name didn’t exist. The combination of ONR nutured assets - program officer discretion and risk-taking to seek breakthroughs – kindled US interest in the European discovery of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope. The commercialization of those instruments opened up the field of nanoscience and ultimately led to the NNI – a largely science focused investment of ~$850M in FY04. Since the Navy was in the area early, it has been able to identify and exploit technology opportunities. Two success stories are follow: Nanocoatings and Chemical Sensors.
* Roco, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2004
** Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Web of Science
Murday, NRL # /02

15. CY2002/03/04 PUBLICATION COUNT
Global Participation in Nanoscience
Sweden
297/320
Germany
1949/2282/2429
Canada
382/545
Russia
854/1025/1128
England
906/1000
Israel
273/253
Japan
2289/3002/3350
France
1317/1561
USA
5395/6149/7850
China
2474/3493/4618
Switzerland
372/369
Korea
760/1103/1466
Italy
631/829
Mexico
166/218
Taiwan
282/465/706
India
461/650/862
Singapore
209/277/439
Brazil
285/311
Australia
236/348/416
CY2002/03/04 PUBLICATION COUNT
(By Keyword Nano*)
Total Worldwide /24208 /28177_
Science Citation Index of 5300 Journals

16. Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

17. Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

18. Sean Murdock, NanoBusiness Alliance, 2005

19. Can be combined to form larger structures
Nanotechnology*
Material or system with at least one constituent or phase exhibiting a scalar dimension between nm
Designed through processes that exhibit fundamental control over the chemical and physical attributes of molecular scale structures
Can be combined to form larger structures
*Mike Roco, definitions from NNI at

20. How small is nano, really?
Mountain
1 km
Child
1 m
1/1000
of mountain
Ant
1 mm
1/1000 of child
1/1,000,000 of
mountain
Extend it upwards:
1 Mm : Texas
1 Gm : Orbit of moon
1 Tm : Orbit of Jupiter
End with: Show different types of nanotechnology. Not necessarily exhaustive, but representative.
Bacteria
1 mm
1/1000 of ant
1/1,000,000 of child
Sugar Molecule
1 nm
1/1000 of bacteria
1/1,000,000 of ant
1/1,000,000,000 of child

21. Nanotechnology Size Numbers Surface Area (S/V) Quantum Effects
Bulk Gold = Yellow
Size
Numbers
Surface Area (S/V)
Quantum Effects
Nanogold = Red R x
bulk scaling
atomic

22. Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor Ablation
Professors Naomi Halas and Jennifer West
20nm

23. Nanoshell-Assisted Tumor Ablation
Antibody ligands on nanoshells match receptor sites specific to targeted cancer cells.
PI: Dr. Jennifer West (Rice Bioengineering)
Dr. Naomi Halas (Rice ECE )
Dr. John Hazle (MDACC)
Investigating use of Rice invention (nanoshells) for highly specific, minimally invasive cancer therapy
Funded by NSF
Licensed by Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc. Y Y
External Laser Y Y
Target
Cancer Cell Y Y Y Y
Nanoshells
Absorb in IR Y
Demonstrated in Mice
The inside joke is that the treated mice lived much longer than budgeted and have become a financial and accounting embarrassment.

24. Effect of Nanoshells on Mouse Tumor
Direction of infrared laser beam

25. Nanoshell Treatment Increases Survival Time
CBEN:

27. The future(s) of nanotechnology
Bad news futures
Good news futures

28. Technologies: From Wow to Yuck?
DDT cured malaria
Pesticides improved crop yields
Refrigerants made houses cool
Asbestos improved insulation
Endangered birds
Toxic to animals
Lead to ozone hole
Liability expenses
Benefits Risks
The Public

29. The future of nanotechnology
DDT cured malaria
Pesticides improved crop yields
Refrigerants made houses cool
Toxic to animals
Human carcinogens
Lead to ozone hole
Nanotechnology ……
Nanotechnology provides us with the ideal opportunity to rewrite how emerging technologies handle the public question of risk

30. Nanotechnology for the Long Haul
What will be nanotechnology’s impact on the world’s environment?
Nanomaterials
Nanostructured Membranes
Fate and Transport of Nanomaterials

31. ICON Website http://icon.rice.edu/
International partnership which includes many stakeholders
Pooled resources for risk assessment of nanotechnology
Effective risk management policies through standards
Shared risk communication strategies
Nano Coalition Unveils Environmental, Health and Safety Database - ICON Collects Diverse Scientific Findings

32. Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years
ENERGY
WATER
FOOD
ENVIRONMENT
POVERTY
TERRORISM & WAR
DISEASE
EDUCATION
DEMOCRACY
POPULATION
Billion People
Billion People

34. “Our Energy will be primarily from fossil fuels for the next 50 years”
Energy Industry
“Our Energy will be primarily from fossil fuels for the next 50 years”
Lewis Norman
Halliburton Energy Services
Economides, M. and Oligney, R.: The Color of Oil, Round Oak Publishing Company, Inc., Katy, TX, 2000

35. Halliburton Energy Services
795,000 million bbls (80 %)
Lewis Norman
Halliburton Energy Services
G180-Oil & Gas

36. “This galaxy he’s from---ask him if it’s got oil.”

39. Hubbert’s Peak

40. U.S. Oil Production
Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

41. WORLD OIL PRODUCTION
Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

42. Recent Newspaper Ad

44. All I’m saying is now is the time to develop the technology to deflect an asteroid.

45. STUDY Matthew Simmon’s Presentations on Saudi Arabian Oil (www
STUDY Matthew Simmon’s Presentations on Saudi Arabian Oil ( and his new book “Twilight in the Desert” John Wiley & Sons publishers, May 2005
When Saudi Arabia Peaks
So does the World.
GHAWAR, by far the world’s
Largest and most prolific oil field
may have already peaked.
The days of cheap oil are over.
Also Google “peak oil” and look at sites such as “peakoil.com”

46. 2 Billion Poor – No Electricity 2 Billion Poor – Biomass Heating

47. Global warming over the past millennium Slide from Marty Hoffert NYU
Very rapidly we have entered uncharted territory -– what some call the anthropocene climate regime. Over the 20th century, human population quadrupled and energy consumption increased sixteenfold. Near the end of the last century, we crossed a critical threshold, and global warming from the fossil fuel greenhouse became a major, and increasingly dominant, factor in climate change. Global mean surface temperature is higher today than it’s been for at least a millennium.
Slide from Marty Hoffert NYU

48. World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent) 300 200 100
Very Conservative!
Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy”
International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985.
Episodes, vol 12, (1989).

49. Uh Oh – China!! 1 Billion + people! Energy Growth Rate ~10%!!
National Geographic June 2004

50. From bicycles……. to Buicks!!
Gee, this isn’t my mother-in-law’s Buick!!
From bicycles…….
to Buicks!!

51. A Much Better Use for Oil than Gasoline!
Professor Mark Foster and Family (Univ. of Akron Polymer Science Department) with all their oil-based polymer belongings! -- Nat. Geog. June 2004

52. (The Terawatt Challenge)
The ENERGY REVOLUTION
(The Terawatt Challenge)
14 Terawatts
210 M BOE/day
Terawatts
450 – 900 MBOE/day
Energy:
The Basis of Prosperity
20st Century = OIL
21st Century = ??

54. Energy-efficient Commuting

55. Small efficiencies matter!
National Geographic August 2005

56. Big efficiencies matter, too!

57. Boeing 787
Going in the right direction –
Efficiency and economy

58. Hydrogen – Not a Primary Fuel

59. PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Alternatives to Oil
TOO LITTLE
Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough
Hydroelectric not enough
Biomass not enough
Wind not enough
Wave & Tide not enough
CHEMICAL
Natural Gas sequestration?, cost?
Gas Hydrates sequestration?, cost?
Clean Coal sequestration?, cost?
NUCLEAR
Nuclear Fission radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost?
Nuclear Fusion too difficult?, cost?
Geothermal HDR -- cost ? , enough?
Solar terrestrial cost ?
Solar power satellites cost ?
Lunar Solar Power cost ?

60. 165,000 TW
of sunlight
hit the earth
every day

61. Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
PV Land Area Requirements
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
3 TW
20 TW

62. Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
Solar Cell Land Area Requirements
Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology
6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each = 20 TWe

63. ≥ 20 TWe from the Moon
“Harvested
Moon”
David Criswell
Univ. Houston

64. Energy Nanotech Grand Challenges from Meeting at Rice University May 2003 Report available!
Photovoltaics -- drop cost by 100 fold.
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol.
Direct photoconversion of light + water to produce H2.
Fuel cells -- drop the cost by x + low temp start.
Batteries and supercapacitors -- improve by x for automotive and distributed generation applications.
H2 storage light weight materials for pressure tanks and LH2 vessels, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system
Power cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) with which to rewire the electrical transmission grid, and enable continental, and even worldwide electrical energy transport; and also to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere -- particularly in the windings of electric motors and generators (especially good if we can eliminate eddy current losses).

65. Energy Nanotech Grand Challenges
Nanoelectronics to revolutionize computers, sensors and devices.
Nanoelectronics based Robotics with AI to enable construction maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing.
Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x, to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space; and to improve efficiency of cars, planes, etc.
Thermochemical processes with catalysts to generate H2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures lower than 900 C.
Nanotech lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights
NanoMaterials/ coatings that will enable vastly lower the cost of deep drilling, to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.
CO2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt and having no waste streams.

66. One World Energy Scheme for 30-60TW in 2050: The Distributed Store-Gen Grid
Energy transported as electrical energy over wire, rather than by transport of mass (coal, oil, gas)
Vast electrical power grid on continental scale interconnecting ~ 100 million asynchronous “local” storage and generation sites, entire system continually innovated by free enterprise
“Local” = house, block, community, business, town, …
Local storage = batteries, flywheels, hydrogen, etc.
Local generation = reverse of local storage + local solar and geo
Local “buy low, sell high” to electrical power grid
Local optimization of days of storage capacity, quality of local power
Electrical grid does not need to be very reliable, but it will be robust
Mass Primary Power input to grid via HV DC transmission lines from existing plants plus remote (up to 2000 mile) sources on TW scale, including vast solar farms in deserts, wind, NIMBY nuclear, clean coal, stranded gas, wave, hydro, space-based solar…”EVERYBODY PLAYS”
Hydrogen is transportation fuel
Transition technology – Plug-in Hybrids

67. The Blackout from Space
Hoax Photo!!
But it does nicely outline the black-out area!

68. Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory “Making Buckytubes “Be All They Can Be”
Founded by Rick Smalley in 2003 as a division of CNST
Coordinates SWNT Research with 10 Faculty in 6 Departments
Prof. James M. Tour – Director Prof. Matteo Pasquali – Co-Director
Dr. Howard K. Schmidt - Executive Director Dr. Robert H. Hauge - Technology Director

69. If it ain’t tubes, we don’t do it!

70. Why Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes?
MOLECULAR PERFECTION & EXTREME PERFORMANCE
The Strongest Fiber Possible.
Selectable Electrical Properties
Metallic Tubes Better Than Copper
Semiconductors Better Than InSb or GaAs
Thermal Conductivity of Diamond.
The Unique Chemistry of Carbon.
The Scale and Perfection of DNA.
The Ultimately Versatile Engineering Material.

71. Graphene Sheet Texas Chicken Wire

72. SWNT: ROLLED-UP SHEET OF GRAPHITE

73. (inside giant SWNT model)
World’s largest SWNT model
RAJAT DUGGAL
(inside giant SWNT model)
22 April 2005, Guinness World Record
Model of a 5-5 SWNT
~65,000 pieces
360 m long, 0.36 m wide
about 100 builders
over 1000 in attendance
“Supremely Silly” (from Rick Smalley)
Cost of the parts: $6,000
Building a 1000-ft SWNT:
pRICEless

74. Types of SWNT Cylindrical graphene sheet Diameters of 0.7 – 3.0 nm
Observed tubes typically < 2 nm
Both metallic and semi-conductor species possible
Length to diameter ratio as large as 104 – 105
can be considered 1-D nanostructures
armchair (a = 30°)
zigzag (a = 0°)
intermediate (0  a  30°)

75. SWNT Quantum Wire Expected Features 1-10x Copper Conductivity
6x Less Mass
Stronger Than Steel
Zero Thermal Expansion
Key Grid Benefits
Reduced Power Loss
Low-to-No Sag
Reduced Mass
Higher Power Density
SWNT Technology Benefits
Type & Class Specific
Higher Purity
Lower Cost
Polymer Dispersible

76. Prototype Wire - SWNT Fibers
Producing Neat SWNT Fibers
Dry-Spun from Oleum
6 to 14 Wt. % SWNT Dope
Extruded as 50 µm Dia. Fibers
109 Tubes in Cross Section
100 Meters Long
Science 305, , 3 September 2004!!!

77. High Pressure CO (HiPCO) Process
NASA
Success
Stories
High Pressure CO (HiPCO) Process
Tuesday, April 26th, NASA Announces new $16M Grant to Rice University and two NASA Centers –Research to develop the Quantum Wire
CNL Actively building new collaborations to fund this critical research program!!!
Fe, Ni Catalysts
CO + CO
CO2 + SWNT + impurities C
10-40 atm
Continuous process
10-100’s g/day
Small diameters (0.7nm)
Company spin-off (CNI)
Rice Univ.  Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc.
& NASA

78. Roadblocks Vision without funding is hallucination.
Da Hsuan Feng – UT Dallas
Vision without hardware is delusion.
Lockheed engineer

79. From the age of Space to the age of Medicine

80. New Energy Research Program (Smalley’s Nickel & Dime Solution)
For FY06-FY10 collect 5 cents from every gallon of oil product
Invest the resultant > $10 Billion per year as additional funding in frontier energy research distributed among DOE, NSF, NIST, NASA, and DoD.
For the next 10 years collect 10 cents from every gallon;
invest the >$20 Billion per year in frontier energy research.
Devote a third of this money to New Energy Research Centers
located adjacent to major US Research Universities, especially Zip Code
At worst this endeavor will create a cornucopia of new technologies and new industries.
At best, we will solve the energy problem before 2020,
and thereby lay the basis for energy prosperity & peace worldwide.

81. Leadership President Bush – State of the Union Address – Jan 31, 2006
“America is addicted to oil”
Replace oil imports from Middle East by 75% by 2025
DOE Advanced Energy Initiative 22% increase in clean energy research
Zero emission coal
Solar and wind
Clean, safe nuclear
Batteries, Hydrogen, ethanol
A BIG change from the 2001 Cheney Energy Report – drill our way to independence!

82. But… Are these ideas tough or aggressive enough? NO!
Biofuels budget actually smaller than in FY06
No market signal for more efficient vehicles
Fuel economy standards – regulatory
40 mpg in 10 years saves 2.5M BOE/day
Substantial gas tax – market mechanism
Up to Congress to execute programs
Incentives for alternate fuel production/vehicles
Funding for research initiatives

83. The biggest single challenge for the next few decades:
ENERGY
for 1010 people
At MINIMUM we need 10 Terawatts (150 M BOE/day)
from some new clean energy source by 2050
For worldwide energy prosperity and peace we need it to be cheap.
We simply can not do this with current technology.
We need Boys and Girls to enter Physical Science and Engineering as they did after Sputnik.
Inspire in them a sense of MISSION
( BE A SCIENTIST SAVE THE WORLD )
We need a bold new APOLLO PROGRAM
to find the NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

84. By 2012, if current trends continue,
over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the world
will be Asians working in Asia.

85. Education American Competitiveness Initiative YEA!
Double physical sciences research funding in ten years (including nanotech, supercomputing, alternative energy sources)
Permanent R&D Tax Credit
HS Math/Science teacher training (70,000) and add 30,000 M&S professional teachers
YEA!
But will Congress fund the initiatives?
And will they sustain the funding??

86. 2999

87. What Can YOU Do Now? Learn as much as possible about energy
Learn as much as possible about nanotechnology
Encourage kids to study science and engineering!!

88. Reading Assignments Twilight in the Desert, Matthew R. Simmons
Winning the Oil Endgame, Amory Lovins
Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes
Out of Gas, Daniel Goodstein
The End of Oil, Paul Roberts
The Prize, Daniel Yergin
Hubbert’s Peak, Kenneth S. Deffeyes
The Hydrogen Economy, Jeremy Rifkin
Twenty Hydrogen Myths, Amory Lovins (
Matt Simmons, web site: (
M.I. Hoffert et. al., Science, 2002, 298, 981,
DOE BES Workshop Report on Hydrogen (
2003 State of the Future, (
Nanotechnology and Energy, 2003 Report, (
National Nanotechnology Program, (

89. Rick was a visionary, and his charisma and logic made those he worked with buy into the vision. Rick convinced us that we could be better, stronger and take more chances if we just tried.
I hope that we don’t forget – then his legacy… will make a lasting transformative difference.
-- Robert Curl
October 28, 2005

90. BE A SCIENTIST -- SAVE THE WORLD