1. BBI 2421
PJJ – Second Meeting

2. Essay Introduction: Body: Conclusion: What the essay is all about
Last sentence is called “thesis statement”
Body:
Elaborates each subdivision of the essay
One paragraph for one subdivision
Conclusion:
Summarizes or reviews the main point

3. Introduction
General statement
Thesis statement
Body
Topic sentence 1
Supporting point 1
Supporting details 1
Topic sentence 2
Supporting point 2
Supporting details 2
Topic sentence 3
Supporting point 3
Supporting details 3
conclusion

4. Introductory Paragraph
Attracts the reader’s interest (general information)
Introduces the topic of the essay (thesis statement)

5. Thesis Statement State the specific topic of the essay
List the subtopic of the main topic
Eg:
Three of the more successful styles are …
Therefore, workaholics’ lifestyles can affect their families, social lives, and health.
Teenagers express their separateness most vividly in their choice of clothes, hairstyle, music and vocabulary.

6. Body Paragraph One body paragraph for one subdivision
It may and may not have a conclusion
Each paragraph supports the thesis statement

7. Conclusion It signals the end of the essay
It reminds the reader of your main point
It leaves readers with your final thought

8. MISTAKES Unclear introduction Unclear thesis statement
Disorganize thesis statement
Disorganize body paragraph
New subdivision in body paragraph
Conclusion does not reflect your whole essay
Introducing new idea in conclusion
Wrong usage of transition signals
Get lost in one’s own writing
Contradict one’s own idea

9. Opinion Essay: Introduction Body paragraph Conclusion General idea
Thesis statement
Body paragraph
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Conclusion
Recommendation

10. Thesis statement
Topic sentence

11. Definition:
There are three parts:
Concept
Category
Characteristic(s)

12. Distinguishing characteristics:
Concept:
Eg: Casual Friday refers to
Category:
Eg: the custom
Distinguishing characteristics:
Eg: of office workers wearing casual clothes to work on Friday.

13. Casual Friday refers to the custom of office workers wearing casual clothes to work on Friday.

14. Body Paragraph: Have a clear topic sentence
Discuss each points separately, one after the other.
Introduce each point with a signal word / phrases.
Eg:
The first reason…
Another quality of a …
In addition, … is another advantage of …

15. Expansion of Points: To give a clearer idea to the reader
This is necessary, especially when you have a one-word term or a phrase such as staycation, memory, medical tourism, low blood pressure.

16. Example:
Support each point with relevant details like examples or statistics; numbers, costs, amounts, percentages.

17. Coherence: Flow (one sentence must lead to the next one)
Ways to practice coherence:
Use nouns and pronouns CONSISTENTLY.
Use transition signals:
To move to new idea.
To show relations among ideas.
Use logical division of ideas:
Most important – less important.
Less important – most important.

18. Use Nouns and Pronounce CONSISTENTLY:
Continue to use the same nouns and pronouns you start with.
Eg:
Noun:
Students ≠ student.
Pronoun:
You ≠ they / he / him.

19. Tips:
Use a plural noun rather than a singular noun when referring to a group of people of both sexes.
Use a plural pronoun rather than a singular pronoun to make it less awkward.
Eg:
A student must display his or her matric card when in campus.
Students must display their matric card when in campus.

20. APA citation Use author-date method In-text citation:
Short / long quotations
Directly quoting from a work
Summary / paraphrase
Using your own words

21. Short quotations Author (Year of publication), “xxx”
Page number for the reference (p. 25)
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199).
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

22. Long quotations 40> words Free-standing block No quotation marks
On a new line, indented 5 spaces from the left margin

23. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

24. Summary / paraphrase Author (year of publication), xxx
Page number is optional but encouraged.
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

25. Author(s) 2: name both, use ‘and’
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
3-5: name all the 1st time, first author followed by ‘et al.’ the 2nd time onwards
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
(Kernis et al., 1993)

26. 6>: first author followed by ‘et al.’
Harris et al. (2001) argued...
(Harris et al., 2001)
Indirect source: use the original, (secondary)
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

27. Rule
Example
Use reporting phrase:
- He said
- He stated
- According to name of the source, (use “x” if you copy words exactly)
“I like you,” he said.
He said, “I like you.”
According to veterinarian Dr. Brown (2000), “…”
Begin each quoted sentence with a capital letter.
When a quoted sentence is separated into two parts, begin the second part with a small letter.
“Your dog is a pit bull,” he continued, “and I am afraid of him.”
Comma, question mark, exclamation marks etc go inside the second quotation mark.
“why not?”
Give the quoted person’s title or occupation.
Use appositive clause to help you write this better.
My older sister, financial manager for a large insurance company, claims, “I save myself time, and I save my company money by telecommuting.”

28. Reference list: Printed
Book:
Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

29. Reference list: Printed
Newspaper:
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x.
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times, p. 7.

30. Reference list: Printed
Newspaper (no author):
Title of the article. (year, month date). Title of newspaper, p. x.
Report casts shadow. (2007, October 16). Waikato Times, p. 7.

31. Reference list: Printed
Magazine:
Author. A. A. (year, month date). Title of the article. Title of the magazine, volume, page number.
Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159, 69.

32. Reference list: Electronic
Newspapers:
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from