1. HEL: TRANSITION FROM OE Written Old English

2. HEL: TRANSITION FROM OE Presence of Norse increases grammatical confusion in the spoken language But not significantly in the written language Written Old English

3. website Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period Confusion of the endings –an, -on, -en, -um

4. Ic wille on þǽm hors hám rídan - verb infinitive I want to ride home on that horse Wé ridon tó wuda - past plural We rode to the wood Ic wille, þæt gé hám ríden – present subjunctive I want you (pl) to ride home (I want that you ride...) Hé hæfð þæt hors swíðe geriden - past participle We have ridden the horse hard Wé ridon on hwítum horsum - dative plural We rode on white horses website Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period

5. Ic wille on þǽm hors hám rídan - verb infinitive I want to ride home on that horse Wé ridan tó wuda - past plural We rode to the wood Ic wille, þæt gé hám rídan – present subjunctive I want you (pl) to ride home (I want that you ride...) Hé hæfð þæt hors swíðe geridan - past participle We have ridden the horse hard Wé ridan on hwítan horsan - dative plural We rode on white horses website Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period

6. From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Written Old English

7. 1053 On þisum geare wæs se cyning on Winceastre on Eastran Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Translation of this and the next slides can be found at http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/texts/thisyear.html http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/texts/thisyear.html

8. 1081 On þisum geare se cyng lædde fyrde in to Weala Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

9. 1096 On þison geare heold se cyng Wilelm his hired to Xpes mæssan on Windlesoran Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

10. 1122 On þis geare wæs se king Heanri on Cristes mæssan on Northwic Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

11. 1137 Ðis gear for þe king Stephne ofer sæ to Normandi Examples of grammatical mistakes in manuscripts towards the end of the Old English period From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

12. NORSE LOANWORDS Written Old English Written Old and Middle English

13. NORSE LOANWORDS Old Norse loanwords begin to enter the spoken language Old Norse loanwords begin to enter the written language Written Old and Middle English

14. NORSE LOANWORDS spokenwritten Why the difference? What had happened in the meantime? The French had arrived!

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