1. Silos, mousetraps, and islands a chronicle of information systems in organizations

2. objectives  develop sense of context for:  organizations  information technology  information systems  describe some of advances and failures of the old context

3. why organize?  division of labor  manage complexity  achieve mastery  reduce switching costs  reduce training costs  increase scalability

4. A single, unified task… …naturally divides into subtasks specialization & control resulting in task specialization and increased need for control

5. coordinating mechanisms  mutual adjustment  direct supervision  standardization of tasks  standardization of outputs  standardization of skills Mintzberg, 1979

6. 3 PEOPLE = 3 CHANNELS 6 PEOPLE = 6 CHANNELS??? 6 PEOPLE = 15 CHANNELS 12 PEOPLE = ???

7. functional organization

8. divisionalized form

9. Mintzberg’s form strategic apex operating core middle line support staff techno- structure

10. the flow of formal authority

11. the flow of regulated activity

12. the flow of informal communication

13. set of work constellations

14. an organizational mess

15. failure to integrate  focus on task and individual over process and team  grouping by function discourages  lacks built-in mechanism for coordinating process flows  coordination problems rise to level to far from origin  loss of big picture; overall performance hard to track

17. Moore’s Law 1995 10K 100K 1M 10M transistors 500 25 1.0 0.1 mips 1975198519801990 4004 8080 8086 80286 80386 80486 Merced Pentium

18. generations  1 st – vacuum tubes  2 nd – transistors  3 rd – integrated circuits  4 th – large-scale integration

19. failure to communicate  connectivity is more than technical issue  organizational inertia and legacy systems  standards cut both ways  responsiveness is remote

20. connectivity / responsiveness responsiveness / usability mainframe PC / LANInternet

21. IS management eras  Era I – the glass house; regulated monopoly; focus on efficiency & productivity  Era II – proliferation of PCs; free market; focus on individual & group effectiveness  Era III – network is computer; ubiquity; focus on integration & value creation Applegate et al, 1999

22. classification of IS strategic apex operating core middle line support staff techno- structure executive IS geographic IS decision support factory automation (CIM) artificial intelligence transaction processing

23. failure to allocate  imbalance in distribution: centralize/decentralize  duplication of data in functional IS  technical divide

24. summary  developed sense of context for:  organizations  information technology  information systems  described some of advances and failures of the old context