1. LECTURE #5: MICROECONOMICS CHAPTER 6 Government Intervention Policy Objectives Policy Tools

2. Government Intervention in the Market Policy Objectives Reduce / Increase Demand Reduce / Increase Supply

3. Government Intervention in the Market Policy Tools Price Controls Rent Controls (increased demand – reduced supply) Wage Controls (minimum wage laws) – reduced employment Price Ceilings (may decrease supply) Credit Controls Interest rates = cost of credit (borrowing) Money Supply = liquidity Taxes Increases tends to reduce demand Reduced supply On whom does the burden fall? Sellers or Buyers?

4. Market with a Price Ceiling 4 Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand 100 (a) A price ceiling that is not binding In panel (a), the government imposes a price ceiling of $4. Because the price ceiling is above the equilibrium price of $3, the price ceiling has no effect. In panel (b), the government imposes a price ceiling of $2. Because the price ceiling is below the equilibrium price of $3, the market price equals $2. At this price, 125 cones are demanded and only 75 are supplied - a shortage of 50 cones. (b) A price ceiling that is binding 3 Supply $4 Price ceiling Equilibrium price Equilibrium quantity Price of Ice Cream Cones Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand $3 Supply 2 Price ceiling Equilibrium price 75 Quantity demanded Quantity supplied 125 Shortage

5. Market With A Price Floor 5 Price of Ice Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand 100 (a) A price floor that is not binding In panel (a), the government imposes a price floor of $2. Because this is below the equilibrium price of $3, the price floor has no effect. In panel (b), the government imposes a price floor of $4, which is above the equilibrium price of $3. Therefore, the market price equals $4. Because 120 cones are supplied at this price and only 80 are demanded, there is a surplus of 40 cones. (b) A price floor that is binding $3 Supply 2 Price floor Equilibrium price Equilibrium quantity Price of Ice Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand 3 Supply $4 Price floor Equilibrium price 80 Quantity supplied Quantity demanded 120 Surplus

6. Tax On Sellers 6 Price of Ice-Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Demand, D 1 90 When a tax of $0.50 is levied on sellers, the supply curve shifts up by $0.50 from S 1 to S 2. The equilibrium quantity falls from 100 to 90 cones. The price that buyers pay rises from $3.00 to $3.30. The price that sellers receive (after paying the tax) falls from $3.00 to $2.80. Even though the tax is levied on sellers, buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax. S1S1 S2S2 100 $3.30 3.00 2.80 Price buyers pay Price without tax Price sellers receive A tax on sellers shifts the supply curve upward by the size of the tax ($0.50). Tax ($0.50) Equilibrium without tax Equilibrium with tax

7. Tax on Buyers 7 Price of Ice-Cream Cone Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 D 1 90 When a tax of $0.50 is levied on buyers, the demand curve shifts down by $0.50 from D 1 to D 2. The equilibrium quantity falls from 100 to 90 cones. The price that sellers receive falls from $3.00 to $2.80. The price that buyers pay (including the tax) rises from $3.00 to $3.30. Even though the tax is levied on buyers, buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax. Supply, S 1 100 $3.30 3.00 2.80 Price buyers pay Price without tax Price sellers receive A tax on buyers shifts the demand curve downward by the size of the tax ($0.50). Tax ($0.50) Equilibrium without tax Equilibrium with tax D 2

8. How Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes Buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax Sellers get a lower price: Worse off Buyers pay a higher effective price with taxes: Worse off Taxes levied on sellers and taxes levied on buyers are equivalent 8

9. Taxes Tax burden - falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic Small elasticity of demand Buyers do not have good alternatives to consuming this good Small elasticity of supply Sellers do not have good alternatives to producing this good 9

10. Homework Questions for Review: 2, 3, 4, 6 Problems and Applications: 1, 2, 3, 6