1. The Shop on the Corner: How Outlet Location Affects Alcohol Problems Bridget Freisthler and Kathryn Stewart Prevention Research Center Underage Drinking Enforcement Training Center 6th Annual National Leadership Conference August 17-20, 2005

3. PRC Resource Link: Research in Action Provides information and practical guidance

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5. Activities of Resource Link Website: www.resources.prev.org Website: www.resources.prev.orgwww.resources.prev.org Media releases on recent PRC publications/finding Media releases on recent PRC publications/finding Overview/synthesis products Overview/synthesis products Presentations at conferences attended by key audiences Presentations at conferences attended by key audiences

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7. Organization of Presentation Why do outlets cause problems? Why do outlets cause problems? Availability Theory Availability Theory Social Disorganization Theory Social Disorganization Theory Routine Activities Theory Routine Activities Theory What problems do outlets cause? What problems do outlets cause? For adults For adults For children and underage youth For children and underage youth

8. Why alcohol outlets? Alcohol Availability Alcohol Availability More alcohol outlets means easier access to alcohol More alcohol outlets means easier access to alcohol Easier access to alcohol leads to Easier access to alcohol leads to Increased frequency of drinking Increased frequency of drinking Increased amount of alcohol consumed Increased amount of alcohol consumed More drinking may lead to more problem behaviors among adults More drinking may lead to more problem behaviors among adults

9. Evidence 10% reduction in outlets is associated with a 3% reduction in alcohol sales (Gruenewald et al, 1993) 10% reduction in outlets is associated with a 3% reduction in alcohol sales (Gruenewald et al, 1993) More restaurant that serve alcohol, higher frequencies of driving drunk (Gruenewald et al., 2002) More restaurant that serve alcohol, higher frequencies of driving drunk (Gruenewald et al., 2002) More bars, more pedestrian injuries when pedestrians had been drinking (LaScala et al., 2000) More bars, more pedestrian injuries when pedestrians had been drinking (LaScala et al., 2000)

10. Why alcohol outlets? (cont.) Social Disorganization Social Disorganization Lack collective efficacy, support networks, and participation in local organizations Lack collective efficacy, support networks, and participation in local organizations Outlets act as independent contributors Outlets act as independent contributors Along with residential instability, ethnic heterogeniety, and impoverishment Along with residential instability, ethnic heterogeniety, and impoverishment May affect problems directly as a sign of lack of social control (thereby ‘sanctioning’ bad behaviors) May affect problems directly as a sign of lack of social control (thereby ‘sanctioning’ bad behaviors)

11. Evidence More on-premise outlets, more assaultive violence in cities (Scribner et al., 1995) More on-premise outlets, more assaultive violence in cities (Scribner et al., 1995) More bars, more severe assaults as measured by hospital discharges in zip codes (Lipton & Gruenewald, 2002) More bars, more severe assaults as measured by hospital discharges in zip codes (Lipton & Gruenewald, 2002) More on-premise outlets, more violent crime in neighborhood areas (Gorman et al., 2001) More on-premise outlets, more violent crime in neighborhood areas (Gorman et al., 2001)

12. Why alcohol outlets? (cont.) Routine Activities Routine Activities Convergence of suitable target, motivated offender, and absence of effective guardians result in harm Convergence of suitable target, motivated offender, and absence of effective guardians result in harm Outlets may change “routine activities” for buying and consuming alcohol Outlets may change “routine activities” for buying and consuming alcohol

13. Evidence On-premise outlets in local, not lagged, areas related to violent crime (Gorman et al., 2001) On-premise outlets in local, not lagged, areas related to violent crime (Gorman et al., 2001) Type of outlet is differentially related to problems Type of outlet is differentially related to problems Greater density of restaurants, more drunk driving Greater density of restaurants, more drunk driving Greater density of bars, more violence Greater density of bars, more violence

14. Summary for Adults More restaurants that serve alcohol, frequency of drinking, traffic crashes increase More restaurants that serve alcohol, frequency of drinking, traffic crashes increase More bars, higher rates of violence, violent crime, and alcohol-involved pedestrian injuries More bars, higher rates of violence, violent crime, and alcohol-involved pedestrian injuries No strong evidence that density of off-premise outlets and problems among adults No strong evidence that density of off-premise outlets and problems among adults

15. Why alcohol outlets? Alcohol Availability Alcohol Availability More alcohol outlets means easier access to alcohol More alcohol outlets means easier access to alcohol Easier access to alcohol leads to Easier access to alcohol leads to Increased frequency of drinking Increased frequency of drinking Increased amount of alcohol consumed Increased amount of alcohol consumed More drinking may lead to More drinking may lead to Higher rates of child maltreatment (parents’ drinking) Higher rates of child maltreatment (parents’ drinking) Assaults, accidents, traffic crashes (youth drinking) Assaults, accidents, traffic crashes (youth drinking)

16. Evidence At the state level (Markowitz & Grossman, 1998) At the state level (Markowitz & Grossman, 1998) Higher alcohol taxes related to lower levels of severe physical abuse towards children Higher alcohol taxes related to lower levels of severe physical abuse towards children Reduction of outlets per 1,000 people decreased probability of severe violence by 4% Reduction of outlets per 1,000 people decreased probability of severe violence by 4% Higher availability around college campuses, more heavy drinking, frequent drinking, and alcohol-related problems (Weitzman et al., 2003) Higher availability around college campuses, more heavy drinking, frequent drinking, and alcohol-related problems (Weitzman et al., 2003)

17. Why alcohol outlets? (cont.) Social Disorganization Social Disorganization Outlets as independent contributors Outlets as independent contributors May affect maltreatment directly as a sign of lack of social control (thereby ‘sanctioning’ physically abusive behaviors) May affect maltreatment directly as a sign of lack of social control (thereby ‘sanctioning’ physically abusive behaviors) May affect maltreatment indirectly through disrupting social ties, networks, and support (thereby causing neglect) May affect maltreatment indirectly through disrupting social ties, networks, and support (thereby causing neglect) Outlets may act as “attractors” of various other criminal behaviors (e.g., drug sales) Outlets may act as “attractors” of various other criminal behaviors (e.g., drug sales)

18. Evidence At ecological level, alcohol outlet density independently contributes to rates of maltreatment (Freisthler, 2003) At ecological level, alcohol outlet density independently contributes to rates of maltreatment (Freisthler, 2003) Off-premise outlets related to violent assaults among youth (Alaniz et al.,1998) Off-premise outlets related to violent assaults among youth (Alaniz et al.,1998) Off-premise outlets related to injuries from accidents, assaults, and traffic crashes (Gruenewald et al., unpublished) Off-premise outlets related to injuries from accidents, assaults, and traffic crashes (Gruenewald et al., unpublished)

19. Why alcohol outlets? (cont.) Routine Activities for parental drinking Routine Activities for parental drinking Convergence of suitable target (child), motivated offender (parent or other adult), and absence of effective guardians (neighbors) result in harm to children Convergence of suitable target (child), motivated offender (parent or other adult), and absence of effective guardians (neighbors) result in harm to children Outlets may change parents “routine activities” for buying and consuming alcohol Outlets may change parents “routine activities” for buying and consuming alcohol At bars, may increase likelihood of neglect At bars, may increase likelihood of neglect At off-premise outlets, may increase likelihood of physical abuse At off-premise outlets, may increase likelihood of physical abuse

20. Why alcohol outlets? (cont.) Routine Activities for underage youth Routine Activities for underage youth Outlets may change affect youth drinking behaviors or problems Outlets may change affect youth drinking behaviors or problems Where youth purchase and consume alcohol Where youth purchase and consume alcohol Likelihood of driving after drinking or riding with a drunk driving Likelihood of driving after drinking or riding with a drunk driving

21. Evidence Differential association between outlet type and maltreatment type (Freisthler et al. 2004) Differential association between outlet type and maltreatment type (Freisthler et al. 2004) More bars, more neglect More bars, more neglect More off-premise outlets, more physical abuse More off-premise outlets, more physical abuse More bars, lower parental monitoring, and more youth deviance (Freisthler & Byrnes, unpublished) More bars, lower parental monitoring, and more youth deviance (Freisthler & Byrnes, unpublished)

22. Evidence (cont.) Higher total outlet density Higher total outlet density Increased frequency of driving drunk for 15 -20 year olds Increased frequency of driving drunk for 15 -20 year olds Increased frequency of riding with a drunk driver (especially for females and younger adolescents (Treno et al., 2003) Increased frequency of riding with a drunk driver (especially for females and younger adolescents (Treno et al., 2003)

23. Summary for Children and Youth Generally more bars, higher rates of child maltreatment Generally more bars, higher rates of child maltreatment More bars, more neglect More bars, more neglect More off-premise outlets, more physical abuse More off-premise outlets, more physical abuse Outlets, particularly bars, may reduce parental monitoring behaviors, thus increasing opportunities to participate in deviant behaviors Outlets, particularly bars, may reduce parental monitoring behaviors, thus increasing opportunities to participate in deviant behaviors

24. Summary (cont.) More outlets, more drunk driving and riding with a drunk driver (15 – 20 years) More outlets, more drunk driving and riding with a drunk driver (15 – 20 years) More off-premise outlets, more injuries for accidents, assaults, and traffic crashes among underage youth (18 – 20 years) More off-premise outlets, more injuries for accidents, assaults, and traffic crashes among underage youth (18 – 20 years) More outlets, increased heavy drinking, frequent drinking, and alcohol-related problems (college students) More outlets, increased heavy drinking, frequent drinking, and alcohol-related problems (college students)

25. Conclusions Alcohol availability may directly affect problems (e.g., social disorganization) Alcohol availability may directly affect problems (e.g., social disorganization) Alcohol availability may indirectly affect problems (e.g., through alcohol use) Alcohol availability may indirectly affect problems (e.g., through alcohol use) Alcohol availability may both directly (e.g., monitoring and supervision) and indirectly (e.g., lack of effective guardians) affect problems Alcohol availability may both directly (e.g., monitoring and supervision) and indirectly (e.g., lack of effective guardians) affect problems Thus, regardless of how availability is reduced, likely to see problems decrease Thus, regardless of how availability is reduced, likely to see problems decrease

26. How Communities Can Take Charge of Outlet Density

27. Outlet density is connected to alcohol problems What can we do about it?

28. Problems Created by Outlet Denisty Violence Violence Property crimes Property crimes Impaired driving Impaired driving Social disorder Social disorder

29. Can also effect local economy Part of the reason outlets are allowed to proliferate is that local governments want to support small businesses

30. Problems created by outlets can Create blight Create blight Cause people who live nearby to avoid area and take business elsewhere Cause people who live nearby to avoid area and take business elsewhere Bring about economic decline Bring about economic decline Make area less attractive to new businesses Make area less attractive to new businesses

32. The Tools All licensed establishments must conform to the rules set out by the state and community. All licensed establishments must conform to the rules set out by the state and community. States have different laws and regulations allowing for community control. States have different laws and regulations allowing for community control. There are ways to work within various legal frameworks. There are ways to work within various legal frameworks.

33. Liquor licensing powers through state or local licensing boards: Rules that set minimum distances between alcohol outlets Rules that set minimum distances between alcohol outlets Limits on new licenses for areas that already have outlets too close together Limits on new licenses for areas that already have outlets too close together Not issuing a new license when a location goes out of business Not issuing a new license when a location goes out of business Permanently close outlets that repeatedly violate liquor laws Permanently close outlets that repeatedly violate liquor laws

34. Problem: State agencies not always responsive to local needs.

35. Local land use regulations and zoning and regulatory powers “Conditional Use Permits” “Conditional Use Permits” “Deemed Approved” Ordinances “Deemed Approved” Ordinances “Public Convenience or Necessity” guidelines that minimize the ability of license applicants to overcome local ordinances “Public Convenience or Necessity” guidelines that minimize the ability of license applicants to overcome local ordinances Definition of “Full Service Restaurant” and issuance of cabaret permits that make it difficult for establishments to evade requirements for stand-alone bars. Definition of “Full Service Restaurant” and issuance of cabaret permits that make it difficult for establishments to evade requirements for stand-alone bars.

36. Local land use regulations and zoning and regulatory powers (cont.) Restrictions on the definition of “Entertainment Zones” Restrictions on the definition of “Entertainment Zones” Use of “Nuisance Abatement” ordinances Use of “Nuisance Abatement” ordinances Use of local health codes to control outlets that also serve food. Use of local health codes to control outlets that also serve food.

37. Examples of Local Control California A bill to give cities more authority to require liquor stores to comply with city zoning laws. According to The Pasadena Star News, “Under current law, cities or counties can only enforce zoning ordinances that were present when the liquor license was issued. The proposed legislation would enable cities to enforce new ordinances and also allow liquor store owners reasonable time to comply with the changes or sell.” California A bill to give cities more authority to require liquor stores to comply with city zoning laws. According to The Pasadena Star News, “Under current law, cities or counties can only enforce zoning ordinances that were present when the liquor license was issued. The proposed legislation would enable cities to enforce new ordinances and also allow liquor store owners reasonable time to comply with the changes or sell.” Colorado A bill would allow local liquor boards to reconsider alcohol licenses for problem establishments. This legislation would give communities the ability to go after establishments that “bait and switch”—seeking liquor licenses as family restaurants, then morphing into late-night clubs. Colorado A bill would allow local liquor boards to reconsider alcohol licenses for problem establishments. This legislation would give communities the ability to go after establishments that “bait and switch”—seeking liquor licenses as family restaurants, then morphing into late-night clubs.

38. California Example: The Caldera Bill Gives local municipalities control over the number of alcohol outlets Gives local municipalities control over the number of alcohol outlets If over-saturated, local authorities must consider each new application If over-saturated, local authorities must consider each new application If high crime rate, must consider each new application If high crime rate, must consider each new application Must deny application unless there is a compelling need. Must deny application unless there is a compelling need. ABC must honor local decisions ABC must honor local decisions

39. Definition of “Public Convenience or Necessity” A way for applicants to get approval of proposed new license A way for applicants to get approval of proposed new license In theory, applies when there is a compelling need for a new outlet In theory, applies when there is a compelling need for a new outlet Often, granted without real need Often, granted without real need

40. In Practice Some localities are oversaturated Some localities are oversaturated Local governments lean towards approval unless it can be demonstrated that the license will create problems Local governments lean towards approval unless it can be demonstrated that the license will create problems The burden of proof should be on the applicant to show the need for another outlet or that outlet will benefit the community The burden of proof should be on the applicant to show the need for another outlet or that outlet will benefit the community

41. Sample mandatory criteria for rejection of application Area already drawing excessive law enforcement resources Area already drawing excessive law enforcement resources Elevated rates of alcohol-related crime (disturbing the peace, public intoxication, prostitution, vandalism, graffiti, etc.) Elevated rates of alcohol-related crime (disturbing the peace, public intoxication, prostitution, vandalism, graffiti, etc.) Long term levels of high concentration Long term levels of high concentration Proximity to schools, churches, parks, residences, etc. Proximity to schools, churches, parks, residences, etc.

42. Risk/Benefit Analysis Can be used to judge applications

43. Benefits Employment gain Employment gain Taxes Taxes Unique business addition Unique business addition Upgrading an area Upgrading an area Possible cultural or entertainment value Possible cultural or entertainment value Long-term economic development goals Long-term economic development goals

44. Risks Law enforcement calls for service Law enforcement calls for service Ratio of all police calls to alcohol-related calls Ratio of all police calls to alcohol-related calls Level of law enforcement capacity Level of law enforcement capacity Health indicators: alcoholism rates, homelessness Health indicators: alcoholism rates, homelessness Percentage of youth in vicinity Percentage of youth in vicinity Alternative business uses available Alternative business uses available Duplication of existing services Duplication of existing services Business operations (percentage of alcohol vs. other items, underage staff, late-night sales, etc.) Business operations (percentage of alcohol vs. other items, underage staff, late-night sales, etc.)

45. The Key: The burden of proof is on the applicant to show benefit – not on the community to show risk.

47. Getting Started Learn how local control works in your state Learn how local control works in your state Find out what land-use policies already exist in your city Find out what land-use policies already exist in your city Determine preliminary goals Determine preliminary goals Identify allies Identify allies Gather and analyze data Gather and analyze data

48. Find Out What Land-Use Policies Already Exist in Your City Active zoning: allows for case-by-case review of permit applications. Creates formal opportunities for public input and increases the ability to ensure that proposed land-use reflects local conditions. Active zoning: allows for case-by-case review of permit applications. Creates formal opportunities for public input and increases the ability to ensure that proposed land-use reflects local conditions. Passive zoning: establishes general requirements for permits (views permit “as a right”). If applicant meets these, permit generally is granted. Cities with passive zoning review offer little opportunity for community review of proposed land uses. Passive zoning: establishes general requirements for permits (views permit “as a right”). If applicant meets these, permit generally is granted. Cities with passive zoning review offer little opportunity for community review of proposed land uses.

49. Determine Preliminary Goals Limiting the number or concentration of alcohol outlets in specific parts of your city Limiting the number or concentration of alcohol outlets in specific parts of your city Reducing alcohol-related problems, such as underage drinking or alcohol-related violence Reducing alcohol-related problems, such as underage drinking or alcohol-related violence Changing the practices at one or more problem alcohol outlets Changing the practices at one or more problem alcohol outlets Making businesses that sell alcohol more responsive to community members’ concerns Making businesses that sell alcohol more responsive to community members’ concerns Ensuring active public review of business permits sought by alcohol outlets Ensuring active public review of business permits sought by alcohol outlets

50. Ensure Solid Follow-Through and Enforcement Follow-up with city staff to learn which agency has responsibility for enforcement Follow-up with city staff to learn which agency has responsibility for enforcement Mobilize community members to assist law enforcement and city staff in monitoring outlets. Mobilize community members to assist law enforcement and city staff in monitoring outlets. Work with problem retailers to help them comply with ordinances. Work with problem retailers to help them comply with ordinances. Educate merchants about the new conditions to which they are accountable. Educate merchants about the new conditions to which they are accountable. Be vigilant: Sustain your group’s efforts. Be vigilant: Sustain your group’s efforts. Be on guard against zoning variances. Be on guard against zoning variances.

51. Additional Resources www.marininstitute.org www.marininstitute.org www.marininstitute.org www.publicstrategies.org www.publicstrategies.org www.publicstrategies.org www.resources.prev.org www.resources.prev.org www.resources.prev.org www.prev.org www.prev.org www.prev.org