1. Memory

2. Information processing 8Encoding - Getting information in 8Storage - Retaining information 8Retrieval - Getting information out

3. Automatic & Effortful processing

4. Instant encoding & storage 8Flashbulb memories 89-11 8Titanic 8President Kennedy 8Space Shuttle Challenger

5. Encoding - Getting information in

6. Rehearsal (continuous repetition) 8Spacing Effect 8Ebbinghaus’s retention curve 8We retain information better when study time is spaced out 8Spaced study beats cramming - E.g. 12 - 5 minute segments beat one hour of study

7. Serial Position Effect 8We remember the first and last items better than ones in the middle.

8. Types on Encoding 8Words that lend themselves to mental images (e.g. house) are remembered better that abstract low image words e.g. “domicile” 8Semantic - meaning - Best (for words) 8Acoustic - sounds (hearing the word) - 8Songs? 8Visual - images (seeing the type) - Least 8Photos?

9. Self-reference effect 8You remember items that refer to yourself

10. Encoding Imagery 8Mnemonics (Greek for memory) 8Method of Loci 8Chunking 8License plate 8Phone # 8Words 8Association 8E.g. Grocery list

11. Mnemonics (cont.) 8“Peg word” system 8Numbers into pictures 81 = Bun 82 = Shoe 83 = Tree 84 = Door 85 = Hive 86 = Sticks 87 = Heaven 88 = Gate 89 = Swine 810 = Hen 8Attach items to be remembered to the pictures

12. Storage - Retaining information

13. Sensory Memory 8Iconic Memory - What our eyes register 8Fleeting photographic memory 8Lasts only a few tenths of a second

14. Short term memory

15. Memory decay

16. Brain (synaptic) changes 8Long-term potentiation (LTP) 8Stimulating neurons increased efficiency 8Sending neuron released its neurotransmitter more easily 8Receptor sights may increase. 8May explain why experience and repetition can increase memory.

17. Long term memories

18. Implicit memories (procedural memory) 8Remembering how to do something 8Can not be consciously recalled

19. Explicit memories 8Declarative memory 8Can be consciously recalled 8E.g. A person may retain past skills, but not remember them.

20. Retrieval - Getting information out

21. Retrieval cues

22. Priming 8Memories are held by a web of associations - identify one strand and it leads to others 8“Awakening of associations” 8E.g. Wedding song 8Retrieval cues can be sights, sounds, smells and tastes

23. Mood congruent memories - (State dependent memories) 8We remember things best when we are in the same mood as when we did it or learned it. 8E.g. Happy times are more apt. to be remembered when we are happy. 8If you were drunk when you hid something, you are more apt. to remember where it is when you are drunk again. 8(However, drinking - in general - reduces memory

24. Forgetting

25. Encoding failure 8Names are forgotten because they were never encoded. 8Storage decay 8Penny example

26. Retrieval Failure 8Proactive (forward-acting) interference 8Earlier learning reduces later learning 8Retroactive (backward-acting) interference 8Later learning reduces earlier learning

27. Retrieval Failure (Cont.)

29. Memory Construction

30. Misinformation effect 8Given misinformation about an event someone experienced, they misremember the event.

31. Source amnesia (Source misattribution) 8You remember something as real, but forget the source of the memory (e.g. a movie). 8E.g. After repeatedly hearing false detailed accounts of an accident you were in, you begin to mistakenly “remember” that these events actually occurred. 8(You forgot that they were told to you)

32. Repressed or constructed memories 8Therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery can easily encourage construction of false memories. 8Memories “recovered” under hypnosis or drugs are particularly unreliable.