2. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 1 Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University

3. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 2 PositiveNegative I-adjectives I-adjectives 高い高くない 高かった高くなかった Na-adjectives Na-adjectives きれいだきれいじゃない きれいだったきれいじゃなかった Nouns Nouns 学生だ学生じゃない 学生だった学生じゃなかった Direct-style forms of adjectives and nouns The table to the right summarizes direct- style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms. Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds.

4. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 3 PositiveNegative One-step verbs One-step verbs 食べる食べない 食べた食べなかった TA-RA-WA-line verbs TA-RA-WA-line verbs 待つ待たない 待った待たなかった BA-MA-NA-line verbs BA-MA-NA-line verbs 読む読まない 読んだ読まなかった KA-line verbs KA-line verbs 歩く歩かない 歩いた歩かなかった GA-line verbs GA-line verbs 急ぐ急がない 急いだ急がなかった SA-line verbs SA-line verbs 話す話さない 話した話さなかった The table to the right summarizes direct- style forms of various grammatical categories using representative forms. Place the pointer on a category name to hear how each representative form sounds. Direct-style forms of verbs

5. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 4 PositiveNegative “to go” “to go” 行く行かない 行った行かなかった “to do” “to do” するしない したしなかった “to come” “to come” くるこない きたこなかった “to exist” “to exist” あるない あったなかった And here are irregular verbs. Direct-style forms of verbs

6. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 5 To the right, various patterns that use direct forms are illustrated by using nomu “drink” as the example. By itself 飲む I will drink. Modifying a noun 飲むもの things to drink 飲む人 person who drinks Modifying a pronoun 飲むの the one I will drink Nominalized by no 飲むの drinking With a temporal phrase 飲む前 before I drink 飲むまで until I drink 飲む時 when I drink Patterns employing direct-style present forms

7. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 6 And here are some more. With a data source marker or a likelihood marker 飲むようだ It appears they will drink. 飲むらしい It appears they will drink. 飲むみたいだ It appears they will drink. 飲むそうだ I hear that they drink. 飲む予定だ We plan to drink. 飲むつもりだ I intend to drink. 飲むはずだ My understanding is that they will drink. 飲むだろう Probably they will drink. 飲むかもしれない They might drink. Other 飲むわけにはいかない I cannot allow myself to drink. 飲むんじゃない It is not that we will drink. Patterns employing direct-style present forms

8. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 7 Patterns employing direct-style past forms Direct-style past forms appear with most of the previous patterns. By itself 飲んだ We drank. Modifying a noun 飲んだもの things to drink 飲んだ人 person who drinks Modifying a pronoun 飲んだの the one I drank Nominalized by no 飲んだの the fact that I drank With a temporal phrase 飲んだ後 after I drank 飲んだ時 when I have drunk

9. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 8 Patterns employing direct-style past forms And some more. With a data source marker or a likelihood marker 飲んだようだ It appears they drank. 飲んだらしい It appears they drank. 飲んだみたいだ It appears they drank. 飲んだそうだ I hear that they drank. 飲んだつもりだ I believe I drank (but I could be mistaken). 飲んだはずだ My understanding is that they drank. 飲んだだろう Probably they drank. 飲んだかもしれない They might have drunk. Other 飲んだんじゃない It is not that we drank. Patterns containing homophonous parts 飲んだら once you drink 飲んだり drinking and such

10. © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi 9 By itself 飲もう Let’s drink. With to 飲もうとする I try to drink. 飲もうと思う I contemplate drinking. 飲もうかと考える I wonder if I should drink. Direct-style volitional forms And here is how to use the direct-style volitional forms.