1. Islander 36 Fleet San Francisco Bay Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors Sail Trim Lecture Presented by Michael Whitfield April 14th, 2007

2. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors

3. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Module Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping

4. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors Second Module Mainsail Shaping Rig Control Shifting Gears for Conditions

5. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors Third Module Trim Loops Helm/Sail Feedback Spinnaker Shaping

6. Goals You will be able to shape sails effectively in a wide range of conditions using all available tools. You will recognize and manipulate sail shape with onboard tools; enhancing boat speed, maintaining comfort, and capturing more wins! Photo & Graphics credits: Islander 36 Class Association website, Lat38, North Sails, Max Ranchi, Volvo Ocean Race, Quantum Sails, Jboats Int., C&C Yachts, Chris Ray, Sail Magazine, Harken, All the IAC Teams, UK Sails and Sailnet

7. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Session Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping

8. Foundational Concepts The Basic Laws of Physics Flying the Boat Systems Thinking Approach Power Generation and Management The One Wing Concept 3 Dimensional Sail Shaping

9. Basic Laws of Physics Newtonian versus Bernoullian Physics Lift Drag & Displaced Hull Speed = 1.41 x Sq Root WL Wing Shape - Chord Length and Depth Aerodynamic-Attached Flow Horsepower to Weight Ratio

10. Flying the Boat Sailing – We are a Vertically Oriented Airplane Flying in Two Mediums Two Wings One Wing in the Air One Wing in the Water Aerodynamics Hydrodynamics

11. Low Speed Lift – 767 with Flaps Down

12. Boeing 747 with Winglets

13. High Speed Lift Mach 2+ F22 Raptor

14. Boeing 767 Sailing?

15. IAC Boats That Drive Like Airplanes

16. IAC Boats Flying – You Bet!

17. Lift Diagram

18. How Lift Works

19. Sailing Forces Diagram

20. Drag and Displacement Hull Speed

23. Low Drag Hydrofoil Trimaran

24. Wing Shape Diagram

25. Sailing Wing Shape

26. Systems Thinking Approach Power Generation and Management How Much Power is Enough? How Much Heel is Enough? How Important is Helm Balance? How Important is Pointing? Islander 36 Example 2 Boats Sail 1 Mile Upwind at the Same Speed 1 Boat Points 1 Degree Higher 150 Feet of Gain = 4+ Boat Lengths!!!

27. Power Generation and Management Speed Pointing Power Generation Leeway

28. 5 Things I Want to Know Prior to Leaving the Slip Wind/Current Direction Right-hand or Left-hand Propeller Does the Prop Wash Hook-up to the Rudder Vessel Displacement Underwater Profile

29. Islander 36 Hull Shape Keel & Rudder

30. The One Wing Concept Jib or Genoa Combined with the Mainsail Create One Wing Shape! Starts at the Leading Edge – Jib Luff Ends at the Trailing Edge – Mainsail Leech! Two Sails Nest Together to Create One Wing! Start at the Front of the Wing, Set-up and then Move Aft to Finish the Job!

31. Sailing Forces Diagram – One Wing

32. Farr 40 Worlds One Wing Concept

33. IAC - Two Nested Sails Create One Wing

34. 3 Dimensional Sail Shaping X, Y & Z Axes Horizontally – Fore and Aft Depth – Beam to Beam Vertically Aids – Draft Stripes, Boom, Mast, Forestay and Backstay Jib & Main Leeches

35. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Session Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping

36. Trim Fundamentals Definitions Anatomy of a Sail Sail Choice Initial Set-up Pointing Modes Full and Bye Power Mode Point Mode

37. Definitions & Anatomy Those Darn Corners Those Darn Sides All the Rest Overlap/Headsail Size Materials

38. Headsail Parts Head Tack Clew Luff Foot Leech Leech & Foot Lines Cunningham Cringle

39. Typical Jib Features

40. Angle of Attack & Draft Angle of Attack— The angle of the sail and boom to the apparent wind flow. In essence, angle of attack is controlled by the mainsheet and the boat’s heading. Draft (Depth) Amount—This is the depth of the sail and the position of the greatest depth. This measure is technically known as Sail depth and is Depth divided by Chord Length. Thus, a one foot draft (Depth) in a ten foot long sail would have a 10% Sail Depth. In general fuller shapes will generate more power and flatter shapes less.

41. Draft Placement This critical measure is viewed fore and aft along seams and draft stripes (dedicated stripes normally found midway up the sail) and conveys information, in percentage terms, about the draft’s placement aft of the luff. Typically you will want to place your point of maximum draft in headsails about 40 - 45% of the way aft of the luff. Normally, it is enough to simply get the “draft forward of middle” and that is the phrase you will hear aboard performance boats.

42. Head Stay/Luff Sag Sails and the stays are supported only at the top and bottom. As a result, the head stay and luff sag considerably to leeward in moderate and heavy winds.

43. Twist This is varying angle of attack that the top, middle and bottom portions of a sail require to accommodate decreased wind strength near the surface relative to higher in the rig. Twist in headsails is a function of the fairlead position and the degree of sheet tension. Given a properly set up lead position, the sail’s telltales will lift (break as sailors refer to it) evenly along the entire luff of the sail. Twist is used as a powering-up or de-powering action.

44. Wind Shear The wind at the top of the mast has a greater velocity and is traveling in a different direction than the wind at the deck level. Remember That This is Only Noticeable on Boats with More Than 40ft. Rigs!

45. Overlap – Headsail Sizes The Sail’s Size - Many Bay Area sailor’s have only rarely, if at all, used the large overlapping sails called genoas. Alternatively, you may hear these large sails being discussed as a number one, or even as light and heavy number ones. The most obvious characteristics of a Genoa are its size and shape. Sailors measure genoas by the length of their LP, or luff perpendicular. To construct an LP, draw a line from the sail's clew to its luff, intersecting the luff at a right angle. The length of the LP divided by J (the distance from the forestay to the front of the mast) equals the overlap of the sail. LP divided by J = Overlap (%) On older boats, the largest headsails usually have a 150% overlap; No. 2s have a 130% overlap; No. 3s have a 98% overlap, and so on.

46. Sail Materials Jibs/Genoas/Mains Dacron & Stabilized Dacron Mylar Kevlar Aramid Spinnakers Nylon Dynac Mylar

47. Sail Choice Example: I36 Headsails for Specific Wind Ranges Light & Heavy #1 Genoa (150%): 1 - 15 Knots Apparent #2 Genoa (135%): 16 - 25 Knots Apparent #3 Genoa (100%): 25 Knots + Apparent More Than That – Let’s Go Home!

48. Initial Set-Up Pick and set the proper sized headsail.Pick and set the proper sized headsail. Adjust draft position with halyard tension. Be careful if you are using a sail built of low stretch fibers, Kevlar/Mylar sails are easily destroyed by overzealous hoisting. Adjust draft position with halyard tension. Be careful if you are using a sail built of low stretch fibers, Kevlar/Mylar sails are easily destroyed by overzealous hoisting. Adjust the fairlead to provide wind appropriate range of draft & twist adjustment. Adjust the fairlead to provide wind appropriate range of draft & twist adjustment. Adjust sheet tension to get proper draft amount and twist. Adjust sheet tension to get proper draft amount and twist. Continuously adjust angle of attack and other parameters as needed. Continuously adjust angle of attack and other parameters as needed.

49. J24 Italian Nationals – Check Set-up with Your Telltales

50. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Module Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping

51. Sail Controls Tools for Shaping Jibs/Genoas Halyard Sheet Jib Fairlead Position – Fore and Aft Barber Hauler – Inboard and Outboard Cunningham Leech and Foot Lines Backstay Adjuster

52. IAC One World – Genoa Trim

53. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Module Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping

54. Sail Controls – How We Use Them Sail Trim Feedback and Boat Feedback When, How and Why to Change Trim Wind Speed Chop/Waves Point Mode or Power Mode Needed Twist Impact

56. Trim Model - Diagrams

57. Trim Modes – Full & Bye, Power and Point Full & Bye Mode - Light Airs

58. Sail Trim and Boat Feedback Wrinkles Luff Scallops Between Hanks Distance the Leech was, and now is, from Spreader Heel Helm Balance or Lack There Of

59. Jib Luff Wrinkles

60. Luff Tension – Light Scallops

61. Islander 36 Jib Trim in Breeze

62. J24 2002 NAs – Scallops

63. Islander 36 – Genoa Trim

64. IAC Genoa Designs

65. 5 Key Factors for Success 1. Think of the Jib and Main as One Wing! 2. Set-up the Front of the Wing First, Jib Luff Tension/Draft Position and Sheet Trim 3. Finish with the Back of the Wing, Main Draft Position and Leech Tension 4. Set-up Luff Tensions with Small Wrinkles, then Adjust to Conditions 5. Use Telltales Vertically Sync’d to Confirm the Position the Lead

66. Sail Shaping for Performance Sailors First Module – Q&A Overview of Objectives Foundational Concepts Trim Fundamentals Sail Controls Upwind Headsail Shaping