1. Mesoscale Urban Modeling: Inclusion of Anthropogenic Heating Najat Benbouta Environmental Emergency Response Division, CMC

2. Main factors of UHI effect: ■ Alteration of land usage ■ Geometric urban configuration ■ Ground covering materials ■ Increase of anthropogenic heat  Traffic Vehicles (Cars, Trucks, Trains …) … ~ 60% (typical US city)  Building ( Residential, Commercial, Industrial) …. ~ 40% (typical US city)  Metabolism Heat …. ~ 2% Urban Heat Island ( UHI ): In order to quantify the impact of these factors we must understand the underlying Surface Energy Balance in urban areas TEB

3. Q H top Q E top Q H traffic Q E traffic Q H industry Q E industry Q H roof Q E roof WaterSnow T i bld U a, T a, q a T roof1 T roof2 T roof3 T wall1 T wall2 T wall3 T road1 T road2 T road3 Snow Water Q H road Q E road T canyon q canyon Q H wall Q E wall R roof R wall R roof Snow R road R road Snow R top Atmospheric level Input data Prognostic variables Diagnostic variables Aude Lemonsu, CRTI-2005 Meeting

4. ■Building-level energy ■Detailed data required Expensive ■Specific analyses Not replicated across a range of cities. Evaluation of Anthropogenic Heating Bottom-up Approach (T. Ichinose, Japan, 1996) Area energy consumption for each category on business or land use in Tokyo in 1989. Annual Values Complex to generate and to maintain

5. Anthropogenic Heating: Top-Down Approach, Vehicle Traffic Profile Hourly fractional traffic profiles – f v (t) for various US cities and states. Bold line is national profile from Hallenbeck et al., 1997). D.J. Sailor, L. LU 2004

6. Evaluation Of Anthropogenic Heating Top-down approach (D. J. Sailor, USA, 2004)  ρ pop (t)Population density [person/km2]  F V (t)Non-dimensional vehicle traffic profile  E V Vehicle energy used per kilometer [Wkm-1]  DVDDistance traveled per person [km]  Analysis at the city scale  Hourly non-dimensional profile functions per capita  Spatial refinement through the hourly density of population profile Daily total energy released by 1 vehicle

7. Anthropogenic Heating: Top-Down Approach, Aggregated Profiles Aggregated Qf profiles (at city-scale) D.J. Sailor, L. LU 2004

8. Plan: Search for data sources Analysis of the data Definition of the anthropogenic profiles per sector Building of the anthropogenic heating database Anthropogenic Heating: Top down approach Production of a database for Canada & USA Develop first prototype for Montreal Validation of the approach with detailed high resolution data Generalize to other cities of North America

9. Questions ?

10. Diurnal variability of demand for space cooling in summer, space heating in winter, hot water supply in winter and the diurnal variability of area energy consumption in the manufacturing and transportation. Ichinose, 1996

11. Anthropogenic Heating: Top-Down Approach, Electricity Profile Representative hourly fractional electricity profiles – f e (t) D.J. Sailor, L. LU 2004

12. Anthropogenic Heating: Top-Down Approach, Heating Fuel Profile 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 04812162024 Local Time f hf 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 Temp (C) ) Representative hourly heating fuel profiles D.J. Sailor, L. LU 2004

13. Results for the 6 US Cities Studied: ■ Heating from vehicle was the dominant in the summer for every city, 47% - 62% of the total. ■ Relative importance of heating fuels increases in the winter in the cold cities, 57% of the total for Chicago. ■ Metabolic heat is the least important component 2-3% of the total heating. Urban Heat Island: Impact Of Anthropogenic Heating?