1. The Power of Darkness (Gothic View)

2. Imagination is the key to Romanticism (author’s personality) Imagination is the key to Romanticism (author’s personality) Horror Horror Terror of the Soul Terror of the Soul (loss, sorrow, ruin, revenge, disease, death, troubles, fears, dark impulses of human nature) (loss, sorrow, ruin, revenge, disease, death, troubles, fears, dark impulses of human nature)

3. Washington Irving 1783-1859 1783-1859 First American short story writer to gain international recognition First American short story writer to gain international recognition His fiancée, Matilda Hoffman, died suddenly of tuberculosis His fiancée, Matilda Hoffman, died suddenly of tuberculosis Stopped writing for awhile Stopped writing for awhile Never married Never married Family business went bankrupt-began writing again Family business went bankrupt-began writing again Wrote: The Sketch Book Wrote: The Sketch Book “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” “Rip Van Winkle” “Rip Van Winkle” “The Devil and Tom Walker” “The Devil and Tom Walker”

4. Literary Elements Short story Short story A brief fictional narrative that generally includes the following major elements: setting, characters, plot, point of view, and theme. A brief fictional narrative that generally includes the following major elements: setting, characters, plot, point of view, and theme.

5. Characterization Characterization The methods a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character. In direct characterization, the writer makes explicit statements about a character. In indirect characterization, the writer reveals a character through his or her words, thoughts, and actions and through what other characters think and say about that character. The methods a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character. In direct characterization, the writer makes explicit statements about a character. In indirect characterization, the writer reveals a character through his or her words, thoughts, and actions and through what other characters think and say about that character.

6. Edgar Allan Poe 1809-1849 1809-1849 Parents were actors Parents were actors Father abandoned family Father abandoned family Mother died when he was 2 years old Mother died when he was 2 years old John Allan family took him in where he got his name John Allan family took him in where he got his name Attended University of Virginia & West Point Attended University of Virginia & West Point Problems with gambling debt Problems with gambling debt

7. At age 26 he married his 13 year old cousin-Virginia Clemm At age 26 he married his 13 year old cousin-Virginia Clemm Mysterious death after he was found delirious on streets of Baltimore Mysterious death after he was found delirious on streets of Baltimore Father of the detective story Father of the detective story Pioneer of science fiction Pioneer of science fiction Wrote: “Fall of the House of Usher” Wrote: “Fall of the House of Usher” “The Pit and the Pendulum” “The Pit and the Pendulum” “The Raven” “The Raven” “The Bells” “The Bells”

8. Literary Elements Suspense Suspense A feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, or even dread about what is going to happen next in a story. Writers increase the level of suspense by creating a threat to the central character and raising questions in a reader’s mind about the outcome of a conflict. Suspense is especially important in the plot of an adventure or mystery story. A feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, or even dread about what is going to happen next in a story. Writers increase the level of suspense by creating a threat to the central character and raising questions in a reader’s mind about the outcome of a conflict. Suspense is especially important in the plot of an adventure or mystery story.

9. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia The use of a word or phrase that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes. The words mew, hiss, caw, and buzz are onomatopoetic words. The use of a word or phrase that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes. The words mew, hiss, caw, and buzz are onomatopoetic words.

10. Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864 1804-1864 Descendant of a judge at the Salem Witch Trials Descendant of a judge at the Salem Witch Trials Ashamed of family history-changed spelling of name by adding the W Ashamed of family history-changed spelling of name by adding the W Lived in seclusion Lived in seclusion Burned most of his early work Burned most of his early work Knew-Emerson, Thoreau Knew-Emerson, Thoreau But was not an optimist But was not an optimist

11. Neighbor to Melville Neighbor to Melville Shared a darker view of human nature Shared a darker view of human nature Worked in Boston & Salem Customs houses Worked in Boston & Salem Customs houses Lost job Lost job Wrote:The Scarlet Letter Wrote:The Scarlet Letter “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Minister’s Black Veil” Writing expresses-guilt & secret sin Writing expresses-guilt & secret sin

12. Literary Element Symbol Symbol Any object, person, place, or experience that exists on a literal level but also represents, or stands for, something else, usually something abstract. Any object, person, place, or experience that exists on a literal level but also represents, or stands for, something else, usually something abstract.

13. Herman Melville 1819-1891 1819-1891 Became a sailor Became a sailor Hunted whales Hunted whales Lived among cannibals Lived among cannibals Neighbor to Hawthorne Neighbor to Hawthorne Shared his view of humanity as inherently evil Shared his view of humanity as inherently evil Explored dark side of life Explored dark side of life Wrote: Moby Dick Wrote: Moby Dick

14. Literary Elements Motivation Motivation The stated or implied reason or cause for a character’s actions. The stated or implied reason or cause for a character’s actions. Review: Metaphor Review: Metaphor

15. Nathaniel Philbrick 1956- 1956- MA in American Literature MA in American Literature From Duke University From Duke University A sailor A sailor Was all-American sailor at Brown University Was all-American sailor at Brown University Wrote:In the Heart of the Sea Wrote:In the Heart of the Sea Won National Book Award for Nonfiction Won National Book Award for Nonfiction