1. Indian Ocean Trade

2. Indian Ocean Trade

3. Southernization Look back at your Indian Ocean articles and quotes.
What is important about the Indian Ocean?

4. Unique in World History
“Zone of interaction”
First ocean to be crossed
“Sailor's ocean”
Warm water
Fairly placid waters
Wind patterns: one way = north of equator, the other = south of the equator

5. Area around the ocean Varied environments: Tropical East Africa
Deserts around the Red Sea and Persian Gulf
Intensely wet southern India
Tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia

6. Trade goods: Teak from India Mangrove swamps in East Africa
Arabian horses to India
Spices from Southeast Asia & Spice Islands
Frankincense from Arabia and Africa
***Desired far beyond the Indian Ocean world

7. People around the ocean
Madagascar settled by people from Southeast Asiaarrived via catamarans (1st millennium CE)
Slave trades & labor migrations
Slaves from East Africa to Arabia/India
From Southeast Asia to Southern Africa
Colonies of Romans in India; Arab Muslims & Jews in India; Indians and Chinese in SE Asia; Europeans in India, SE Asia, and East Africa…

8. The things they carried…
Indian merchants brought Brahmin priests
Muslim scholars brought by Arab merchants
Christian merchants brought priests

9. Borobudur (Java) Largest Buddhist structure in the world
Built during Sailendras rule in Java (8th C CE—832)
Illustrates the wealth due to control of shipping lanes
Diffusion of Buddhism

10. Borobudur (Java) Illustrates Javanese Buddhism Mahayana
Continual cycle of reincarnation
Low levels represent the earthly life
Continual path to enlightenment
Common Buddhist motifs: stupa, mandala
Unique to Java: sacred mountain

11. Borobudur Stupa

12. Prambanan (Java)
After the fall of the Sailendra dynasty: Hindu dynasty
The Sanjaya.
Built Prambananphysical manifestation of Hindu trinity
In SE Asia: cultural fusion (syncretism) known as Hindu-Buddhism

13. Angkor Wat
Cambodia
Cultural diffusion of Hindu-Buddhism throughout SE Asia.

14. Angkor Wat Built by Khmer Empire Dedicated to Vishnu
Height ca CE
Cultivated rice
Extensive irrigation system
Violent martial art
Flourished until conquered by Burma

15. Hindu-Buddhism SYNCRETISM
Religious and cultural fusion on both mainland and islands of SE Asia
Final flowering: 14th and 15th C in Majapahit
In Java, Islam replaced due to arrival of Muslim traders; by 16th C, nearly entire island converted.

16. Hindu-Buddhism
Majahapit court and religious community moved to Bali; still flourishes there
Eventually, new syncretic religion: blending Sufi Islam with Hindu-Buddhism.
Prone to mysticism
Today: Indonesia = most populous Muslim nation; national symbol = Garuda (Hindi eagle deity)

17. Conclusions
How is the spread of Hinduism/Buddhism in SE Asia similar to/different from the spread of Islam in Africa and Spain?
What can we learn based on the architecture?
What similarities does this hold with other cultures around the world?