1. Chapters 1–2 1.Mottos at Penn 2.Nouns 3.Verbs 4.Conjunctions 5.A more sophisticated motto

2. 1. Mottos at Penn Yours?

3. 1. Mottos at Penn Mine? consilium iuvant litterae

4. 1. Mottos at Penn Harnwell College House http://www.pennlatinproject.com/campus-and- philadelphia-inscriptions.html

5. 1. Mottos at Penn Harnwell College House (cont.) monstrat sol viam monstrat viam sol sol viam monstrat sol monstrat viam viam sol monstrat viam monstrat sol

6. 2. Nouns monstrat sol viam monstrat viam sol sol viam monstrat sol monstrat viam viam sol monstrat viam monstrat sol

7. 2. Nouns Cases lūna viam monstrat / The moon shows a path lūnam via monstrat / The path shows the moon -a = nominative case (subject function) -am = accusative case (direct object function)

8. 2. Nouns Cases (cont.) lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor. -a = nominative case (subject function) -a = vocative case (used for direct address) -ae = genitive case (“of” etc.) -ae = dative case (“to” etc.) -am = accusative case (direct object function) –ā = ablative case (“by” etc.)

9. 2. Nouns 1 st “declension” singularplural nominative lūn-alūn-ae genitive lūn-aelūn-ārum dative lūn-aelūn-īs accusative lūn-amlūn-ās ablative lūn-ālūn-īs  Same endings for all nouns with principal parts in -a, -ae regardless of gender.  Vocative = same as nominative.  Some forms are ambiguous (sorry about that …).

10. 2. Nouns 2 nd declension masculine singularplural nominative domin-usdomin-ī genitive domin-īdomin-ōrum dative domin-ōdomin-īs accusative domin-umdomin-ōs ablative domin-ōdomin-īs singularplural nominative ageragr-ī genitive agr-īagr-ōrum dative agr-ōagr-īs accusative agr-umagr-ōs ablative agr-ōagr-īs  Vocative singular = domin-e

11. 2. Nouns 2 nd declension neuter singularplural nominative bell-umbell-a genitive bell-ībell-ōrum dative bell-ōbell-īs accusative bell-umbell-a ablative bell-ōbell-īs  Note ambiguity for all neuter nouns: nominative and accusative identical!

12. 2. Nouns Cases lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor. vir, ō amīce dominī, agrum puerō consiliō monstrat. Meaning?

13. 2. Nouns Five declensions declensiondefining characeristicexamples 1a rēgīna, -ae f. queen poēta, -ae m. poet NO NEUTER 2u (originally o) cf. Greek phil-os) amīcus, -ī m. friend FEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground) consilium, -iī n. advice 3consonant sol, sōlis m. sun vōx, vōcis f. voice animal, animālis n. animal 4u currus, -ūs m. chariot NO FEMININE cornū, -ūs n. horn 5e speciēs, speciēī f. sight NO MASCULINE OR NEUTER

14. 3. Verbs Sentence patterns corresponding to different verb-types verb typeexampletranslation intransitive verb lūna lūcetThe moon shines transitive verb taking direct object lūna viam monstratThe moon shows a path transitive verb taking two accusatives lūna nautam fortūnam docetThe moon teaches the sailor (his) fortune transitive verb taking complementary infinitive lūna viam monstrāre dēbetThe moon ought to show a path

15. 3. Verbs Inflection by person and number personnumberexamplemeaning 1 st singular lūnam videōI see the moon 2 nd vidēs lunam?You seen the moon? 3 rd monstrat viam!It shows a path 1 st plural viam habēmusWe have a path 2 nd lūnam amātis?You love the moon? 3 rd viam habent.They have a path

16. 3. Verbs 1 st and 2 nd conjugations: present active indicative pers on num ber 1 st conjugation 2 nd conjugationtranslations 1 st sing. am(a)-ōhabe-ōI — / am —ing 2 nd amā-shabē-sYou —/ are —ing 3 rd ama-thabe-tHe/she/it —s / is —ing 1 st pl. amā-mushabē-musWe — / are —ing 2 nd amā-tishabē-tisYou (y’all) — / are —ing 3 rd ama-nthabe-ntThey — / are —ing  Stem is derived from 2 nd principal part: amā-re, habē-re  Note variation in stem-vowel length: shortened before -ō, -t, -nt

17. 3. Verbs Identifying a verb form personnumbertensevoicemood 1 st 2 nd 3 rd singular plural present imperfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect active passive indicative subjunctive imperative infinitive participle E.g. monstrat: “ 3 rd person singular present active indicative”  Note: infinitive forms are “non-finite” and have no person or number E.g. monstrāre: “ present active infinitive”

18. 3. Verbs Sentence types for indicative and infinitive moodsentence typeexamplequestion indicative statement puellae clāmantThe girls are shouting question puellae-ne clāmant? Are the girls shouting? infinitive complementary construction puellae clāmāre audent The girls dare to shout

19. 4. Conjunctions conjunctionstructureexample and x et y puerī et puellae x y -que puerī puellaeque both … and et x et y et puerī et puellae but (x) sed y puerī clāmant, sed puellae tacent

20. 5. A more sophisticated motto? The moon shows a path, but the sailors are doubtful. The farmers both work and choose war. Fortune, are you silent? You teach wisdom.