1. Poetry is defined as literary works written in verse: in particular verse writing of high quality, great beauty, emotional sincerity or intensity, or profound insight. Poetry

2. Poetry Is… Poetry is the sound & sense of language. Poetry is a great way to express yourself. What is inside your heart? Poetry is one of the most popular forms of writing in all cultures. The poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge once described poetry as “the best words in their best order.” Poets sear images into readers’ minds, create unforgettable rhythms, and experiment with poetic forms.

3. Poems come in a variety of forms, but they are usually talked about in terms of two categories— traditional & organic. TraditionalOrganic Characteristics: Follows fixed rules, such as a specified number of lines Has a regular pattern of rhythm and/or rhyme Forms include: epic, ode, ballad, sonnet, haiku, limerick, & many more Characteristics: Does not follow established rules for form Does not have a regular pattern of rhythm and may not rhyme at all May use unconventional spelling, punctuation, and grammar Forms include: free verse, concrete poetry

4. Traditional vs. Organic Poems: Traditional Poem:Organic Poem: Surgeons must be very careful When they take the knife! Underneath their fine incisions Stirs the Culprit—Life! -by Emily Dickinson we’re everyanything more than believe (with a spin Leap Alive we’re alive) we’re wonderful one times one -from “If Everything Happens That Can’t Be Done” by E.E. Cummings

5. Basic Poetry Terms Turn or Shift: a shifting of focus, either in topic or tone, within a poem Refrain: repetition of a line or lines within a poem. In musical lyrics, we call the refrain the chorus. Meter describes the linguistic sound patterns of a verse. (Meter is part of many formal verse forms.) Stanza: a group of lines set apart from the rest of the poem by white space above and below

6. Poetic Elements For a poet, deciding on a subject and form is just the beginning. Will the poem hum along at a steady beat or charge ahead with a bold rhythm? What images or sounds will convey a mood? Using sound devices and language, poets can convey meaning, make music, and tap into the senses.

7. Sound Devices Like music, language has rhythm. In poetry, the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line is what creates the rhythm. Rhyme also enhances the musical quality of a poem. It can occur at the ends of lines as end rhyme or within lines as internal rhyme. A regular pattern of rhythm is called a meter. A regular pattern of rhyme is called a rhyme scheme. Meter is charted in a process called scansion, where stressed syllables are marked with a / and unstressed syllables with a . A rhyme scheme is charted by assigning a letter of the alphabet to matching end rhymes.

8. Marked Poem for Meter & Rhyme Scheme “A Birthday” by Christina Rossetti  /  /  /  / My heart/ is like/ a sing/ ing bird (a) Whose nest/ is in/ a wa/tered shoot: (b) My heart/ is like/ an ap/ ple-tree (c) Whose boughs/ are bent/ with thick/ set fruit; (b)

9. Marked Poem for Rhyme Scheme Here's an example of an abcb rhyme scheme. The itsy bitsy spider (a) Went up the water spout (b) Down came the rain (c) And washed the spider out (b)

10. Meter To identify a poem’s meter, you have to break each line into smaller units, called feet. A foot consists of one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed ones. Look at the type and the number of feet in each line. The most common rhythm in English poetry is iambic pentameter, which consists of ten syllables long that is stressed on every second beat.

11. Sound Devices Poets use many sound devices to create specific effects. Repetition: a sound, word, phrase, or line that is repeated for emphasis or unity Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in words that do not end with the same consonant Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds within and at the ends of words

12. Identify 4 examples of sound devices used in this poem. From “The Bells” by Edgar Allan Poe Hear the sledges with the bells - Silver bells! What a world of merriment their melody foretells! How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, In the icy air of night! While the stars that oversprinkle All the heavens seem to twinkle With a crystalline delight; Keeping time, time, time, In a sort of Runic rhyme, To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells From the bells, bells, bells, bells, Bells, bells, bells - From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.

13. Imagery & Figurative Language Unlike prose, poetry is very concise: a limited number of words must carry a great deal of meaning. Therefore, diction, or word choice, is especially important. Poets must choose their words carefully in order to create certain effects. One of the ways poets expand their ability to make meaning and to achieve intended effects is by using imagery and figurative language. Imagery in fiction evokes sensory experiences for readers by appealing to the five senses. Poets also use sensory details to illustrate and elaborate on their ideas and feelings. Like imagery, figurative language opens up the mind to more than the literal meanings of words. -Literal: He was angry. -Figurative: He burned with anger.

14. Imagery Robert Frost uses two powerful sensory details—fire and ice– to help you picture the end of the world. Not only can you probably visualize the world engulfed in flames or numbed by ice, but you can also probably imagine what each type of destruction would feel like. These details are enough to spark unsettling images in your mind. “Fire and Ice” by Robert Frost Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.

15. Figurative Language Here are some common figurative language terms used in poetry. Simile: a comparison between two unlike things, containing the words like or as. (My heart is like a singing bird.) Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things without the words like or as. (Poets make pets of pretty, docile words.) Personification: a description of an object, an animal, a place, or an idea in human terms. (it [this poem] has taken in many victims) Hyperbole: an exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect. (the hunger of this poem is legendary)

16. Figurative Language Mara Mori brought me a pair of socks which she knitted herself with her sheepherder's hands, two socks as soft as rabbits. I slipped my feet into them as if they were two cases knitted with threads of twilight and goatskin, Violent socks, my feet were two fish made of wool, two long sharks sea blue, shot through by one golden thread, two immense blackbirds, two cannons, my feet were honored in this way by these heavenly socks. They were so handsome for the first time my feet seemed to me unacceptable like two decrepit firemen, firemen unworthy of that woven fire, of those glowing socks. Can you find two similes and 1 metaphor? Check out the imagery. “Ode to My Socks” by Pablo Neruda Nevertheless, I resisted the sharp temptation to save them somewhere as schoolboys keep fireflies, as learned men collect sacred texts, I resisted the mad impulse to put them in a golden cage and each day give them birdseed and pieces of pink melon. Like explorers in the jungle who hand over the very rare green deer to the spit and eat it with remorse, I stretched out my feet and pulled on the magnificent socks and then my shoes. The moral of my ode is this: beauty is twice beauty and what is good is doubly good when it is a matter of two socks made of wool in winter.