1. PSY 180 Lecture 3 Happiness

2. Why be happy? Tal Ben-Shahar says that you can play the why game like kids- eventually you will get to the point where you say “because it makes me happy” –After that there is no where else to go –Called an ungrounded grounder because it requires no further rationale

3. Peterson Starts with the yearbook study –Women that had duchenne smiles were more likely to be married and more likely to be happy with their marriages –Controlled for physical attractiveness

4. The nun study Autobiographical essays about their childhoods were analyzed for emotional content –Counted the positive emotion words and negative emotion words –Those with more positive emotional content lived 10 years longer than their less happy counterparts Believed to be a very good study because most of their lives is constant and controlled A different study found that linguistic complexity for the writing samples predicted Alzheimer’s Disease reliably –Could be that those that wrote more sophisticated samples were less likely to get AD and thus were less likely to be depressed?

5. So… what is happiness? Hedonism? –The idea that you should maximize pleasure and minimize pain Eudaimonia –Happiness entails identifying one’s virtues, cultivating them, living in accordance with them Pursuit of engagement –flow

6. Four types of happiness ideas (Ben-Shahar) Rat-racer –Be unhappy now for happiness later Hedonic –Be happy now and pay for it later Nihilist –Be unhappy now and unhappy later (too bad, you’re screwed!) Happiness –Be happy now and happy later

7. Eudaimonia leads to Increased satisfaction –Across genders and nations

8. How to measure happiness? Depends on how you define happiness –Hedonism: Pleasure vs pain Experience sampling method Overall trajectory or pattern of their lives –Desire theory: happiness is whether you get what you want or not (it doesn’t have to be pleasurable) Ask the person what they desire –Objective list theory: happiness is achieving some universally accepted items (education…) Need people to agree on those universal things Most of these things are actually unrelated to happiness itself- so why have this be a measure?

9. Progress Paradox Objective goods have increased over the past few decades –Literacy rates are higher –Life expectancy is longer –Information is more available –People have more things Happiness has not increased, according to most surveys

10. Maybe this is a problem with survey ratings of happiness? Maybe people are relatively judging their happiness

11. What are the various measures? Quality of life –Overacrching label that includes emotions, experiences, appraisals, expectations, and accomplishments Subjective well-being –Relatively high levels of positive affect and relatively low levels of negative affect –Aka life satisfaction Happiness Most of the research on these “different” things typically come to the same conclusions about the things that affect them

12. Most common technique Just ask people –Are you happy or not… Right now During the past 4 weeks In general Problems? –Self-report is not always accurate Everyone has bias and may bias their answers one way or the other

13. People overemphasize their current feelings Schwartz and Strack (1999) –If you ask young adults about their dating life Then follow it with life satisfaction –The two are strongly related –If you flip the order (life satisfaction first, then dating life) The two are only weakly related –If you make people think about something that they are unhappy with, they then judge their life satisfaction as unhappy –If they are happy with their dating life, it will lead them to believe that their life satisfaction is happy

14. Cultural differences Typically asians rate lower than others in life satisfaction –Could be due to the asian norm of not standing out Not wanting to say that life is better than others, so they rate in the middle of the scale

15. US vs Korean youth Family satisfaction links to life satifaction strongly in both Self satisfaction is more associated with life satisfaction in the US than Korea In Korea, school satisfaction is more associated with life satisfaction than in the US

16. US vs Japan US: the best predictor of overall satisfaction is the domain in which one is most satisfied –Marriage is bad, health is bad, work is bad, kids are great- thus life is great! Japan: the best predictor of overall satisfaction is the domain in which on is least satisfied –Marriage is good, health is good, work is good, kids are bad- thus life is bad!

17. Positive correlations with happiness and life satisfaction SmallMediumLarge AgeNumber of friendsGratitude GenderBeing marriedOptimism EducationReligiousnessBeing employed Social classLevels of leisure activity Frequency of intercourse IncomeHealthPositive affect Having childrenExtraversionSelf-esteem IntelligenceInternal locus of control attractiveness

18. Conclusions from the table Demographic data doesn’t matter –Anyone can be happy Being in contact with others does matter –In fact, when comparing happy vs very happy people, this is the one thing that still is strongly related Personality factors are involved as well –Could be a factor of self-report- happy people see themselves favorably –Others seem to see them favorably too

19. Problems with correlations

20. Correlation does not equal causation

21. Depressive realism Depressed vs non-depressed students in a condition where there was a button for them to press and a light went on and off randomly –They were asked to determine the relationship of what they did to the light –Depressed people were more accurate –Nondepressed people came up with complex ideas “the light flashed when I pressed the button twice- first for 2 seconds and then for 5 seconds –Peterson argues that this is only true when addressing noncontingencies, but not contingencies If they actually had control, they would not be very accurate at detailing that

22. H = S + C + V Get from Seligman