2. Morphology and Syntax Practice 1 Lesson 9A

3. The top of the tree So the tree for any sentence (S) should start like this: This means that every sentence is made up of a noun phrase and a verb phrase S VPNP

4. The bottom of the tree What we need to do is to connect: the structure at the top of the tree TO the words of the sentence at the bottom of the tree the hairy dog walks quickly in the park S VP NP DetANVAdvPDetN

5. Connecting top and bottom You need to start at the bottom of the tree and build more phrases on to the categories. These phrases could be: Noun phrases Adverb phrases Prepositional phrases Adjective phrases

6. What a complete tree looks like a sentence divides into a noun phrase ……………….. and a verb phrase these attach to phrases or and categories categories attach to words the hairy dog walks quickly in the park S VP NP DetANVAdvPDetN AP AdvP NP PP

7. How to analyse the syntactic structure of a simple sentence It’s a bit like decorating a Christmas tree: Write SNP + VP at the top Write the words of the sentence at the bottom Write the categories above the words Where necessary put the categories into phrase structures (NP, Adv,P, AP, PP) Attach the phrase structures to the main NP and VP

8. Ambiguous sentences These sentences look the same but they have a different meaning The man hit the intruder with a stick The man hit the intruder with a wooden leg They should have a different syntactic structure. Where is the difference going to be

9. Disambiguating With a wooden leg and with a stick are both prepositional expressions BUT …… with a wooden leg is about the intruder so it is attached to the noun with a stick is about how he hit the intruder so it is attached to the verb

10. Romeo/Juliet loves Juliet/Romeo Juliet loves Romeo Romeo Juliet N N NP V S VP

11. 3. He loves carrots He loves carrots PRO N NP V S VP

12. 4. The lamb followed Mary The lamb followed Mary Det N NP V S VP N

13. 6. The cat killed the mouse The cat killed the mouse Det N NP V S VP NDet

14. 7. Jack killed the giant Jack killed the giant N NP V S VP NDet

15. 8. She solved the mystery She solved the mystery N NP V S VP PRODet

16. 5. Beavers build dams Beavers build dams N NP V S VP N

17. 9. The witnesses helped her The witnesses helped her PRO NP V S VP DETN

18. 10. Alice followed the rabbit Alice followed the rabbit N NP V S VP N Det.

19. 10. Alice followed the white rabbit Alice followed the white rabbit N NP V S VP N Det. A. AP.

20. 12. Alice slowly followed the white rabbit Alice slowly followed the white rabbit N NP V S VP N Det. A. AP. Asv Adv.P

21. 13. He gave her a kiss He gave her a kiss NP PRO NP S VP PRO Det. N. V NP.

22. 14. She rewarded him with a kiss She rewarded him with a kiss NP PRO S VP PRO P. Det. V N.

23. 14. She rewarded him with a kiss She rewarded him with a kiss NP PRO NP S VP PRO P. Det. V NP. N. PP

24. 14. She rewarded him with a kiss She rewarded him with a kiss NP PRO NP S VP PRO P. Det. V NP. N. PP

25. 15. She paid the money to the cashier She paid the money to the cashier NP Det. S VP PRO P. Det. V N. N

26. 15. She paid the money to the cashier She paid the money to the cashier NP Det. NP S VP PRO P. Det. V NP. N. PP N

27. 15. She paid the money to the cashier She paid the money to the cashier NP Det. NP S VP PRO P. Det. V NP. N. PP N

28. 16. The porter called George a taxi The porter called George a taxi NP V. S VP Det Det. N N. N

29. 16. The porter called George a taxi The porter called George a taxi NP V. NP S VP Det Det. N NP. N. N

30. 16. The porter called George a taxi The porter called George a taxi NP V. NP S VP Det Det. N NP. N. N

31. 17. The medicine made her ill The medicine made her ill NP V. S VP Det A. N N

32. 17. The medicine made her ill The medicine made her ill NP V. AP S VP Det A. N NP. N

33. 17. The medicine made her ill The medicine made her ill NP V. AP S VP Det A. N NP. N

34. 18. Those unhappy students failed the final exam Those unhappy students failed the final exam NP V. NP S VP Det N. N AP. A A AP Det..

35. 18. Those unhappy students failed the final exam Those unhappy students failed the final exam NP V. NP S VP Det N. N AP. A A AP Det..

36. 18. Those unhappy students failed the final exam Those unhappy students failed the final exam NP V. S VP Det N. N A A Det..

37. 19. The dog bit the old man on the nose The dog bit the old man on the nose NP A. PP S VP Det N. Det NP. Det N V P. N. AP. NP.

38. 20. The woman on the bus told me the story of her life The woman on the bus told me the story of her life NP N. NP S VP Det PP. Det NP. A N P N.Pro. PP. NP. V. Det.. PN NP. AP. NP

39. 21. He saw the girl in the green park He saw the girl in the green park PV NPDetAN NP VP S NP PP NP AP

40. 22. He saw the girl in the green dress He saw the girl in the green dress PV NPDetAN NP VP S NP PP NP AP NP