1. Morphology
A review

2. What is a morpheme?
What is the difference between free and bound morphemes?
What is a root morpheme?
What is the difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes?

3. What are the building blocks in the formation of complex words?
Morphemes
The most elemental unit of a word
Morphology
Study of the internal structure; rules of word formation
believable
unbelievable
desirable
undesirable
happy
unhappy
dressed
undressed

4. Affixes Prefixes Prefixes are added to the beginning Suffixes
Suffixes are added to the end
Form a word with 2 suffixes
Form a word with 1 Prefix and 2 Suffixes

5. Mini exercise Sister sister’s sisters happy blister
For each of the words below, determine the number of morphemes it has.
Sister sister’s sisters happy blister
unhappy the teacher carefully

6. Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes
Free morphemes can be used alone
Bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes
Free morpheme in a complex word:
Deactivation
de+act+iv+at+ion
Act: 1 a : the doing of a thing (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

7. Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes
Quick exercise
For each morpheme below, determine whether it’s free or bound.
Pre pro ive y worth with
un ion re duct ed able

8. Lexical morphemes vs. grammatical morphemes
Have a ‘real world’ meaning
Also called content morpheme
Grammatical morpheme
Change the form of a word but don’t have ‘real word’ meaning
Test: find a synonym for the morpheme
If you can find one, it’s a lexical morpheme
What is the difference between free &bound morphemes and lexical & grammatical morphemes?

9. Root morphemes vs. Affix morphemes
What’s a root morpheme?
Note: -roots tend to be free and
lexical
-affixes tend to be bound and
grammatical

10. Exceptions Quick exercise Analyze the word: “production”
How many morphemes does it have?
Which morpheme is the stem? Which ones are affixes?
Is the stem free and lexical?
Word
Meaning
con+duct
To carry out
in+duct
To place ceremoniously
ab+duct
To lead away
Conclusion: ‘duct’ is a bound root morpheme

11. Root morphemes Quick exercise
Identify the roots of the following words
kingdom interplanetary dimensional margins paintball children

12. Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes
What are inflectional affixes?
Do not create new words when they attach to existing words
They change the form of that word to indicate grammatical meaning

13. Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes
Inflectional morpheme
Example
Plural –s, -es (noun)
Possessive –’s, s’ (noun)
Comparative –er (adj.)
Superlative –est (adj.)
3rd person singular –s (verb)
Past tense –ed (verb)
Past participle –ed, -en
Present participle -ing
Pim likes to eat peach-es
Pim’s grades are great
Pim is smart-er than Boss
Pim is the quick-est of all
Pim like-s to study
Pim studi-ed hard for the quiz
Pim hasn’t fail-ed a test yet.
Pim has been study-ing for 3 hours

14. Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes
Create new (or derive) new words in two ways
Some derivational morphemes change the content meaning but not grammatical meaning
Others don’t significantly change the meaning but the grammatical meaning.
Unlike inflectional affixes, derivational affixes can be both, prefixes or suffixes in English.

15. Derivational affixes
Function
Morpheme
Example Word
Change content meaning
un-
un+happy
re-
re+write
Change grammatical function (noun ⇒verb)
-ize
trauma(t)+ize
Change grammatical function (noun ⇒adj.) -y
health+y
Change grammatical function (adj.⇒adverb)
-ly
quick+ly
The number of derivational affixes in English is far greater than inflectional affixes

16. Derivational affixes Quick exercise
Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root.
retake hopeless
undress tension
disembark cheerful
What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?

17. Derivational affixes Quick exercise
Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root.
rewrite hopeless
unclear creation
unhappy helpful
What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?

18. Overview of all discussed distinctions
Morphemes
lexical
-bound roots
bound
grammatical
derivational
inflectional
-eight suffixes
prefixes
ex:-un
suffixes
ex: -ness
free

19. Word creation in English (Neologism)
Affixing
Affixing and derivation create new words in English
X number of affixes +Y number of words (stems)
Example: ‘un-’
Functional shift
Words changing word class
Example: impact (noun and verb)
Quick exercise:
Transition reference proposition help
hope

20. Word creation in English (Neologism)
Coined words
Speakers continually create new words.
Consider the word ‘dissing’ in the sentence:
Are you dissing me?
1. What does dissing mean?
2. What part of speech does it belong to? (Defend your answer on a morphological basis)

21. Word creation in English (Neologism)
Acronyms
Common acronyms that turned into words:
Laser, radar, scuba, MUIC
Where do they derive from?
Light Amplification (by) Stimulated Emission (of) Radiation
RAdio Detecting And Ranging

22. Word creation in English (Neologism)
Borrowing
Speakers of English aggressively borrow from other languages
Kindergarten (German)
Croissant (French)
Sushi (Japanese)
Macho (???)
List 3 words in Thai that are borrowed from English?

23. Word creation in English (Neologism)
Blending
Mixing words
Quick exercise: from what words are the following blends mixed?
Motel Infomercial Edutainment
Netiquette