1. Unit XXII – Colonialism and Independence in India and Pakistan The Colonial Period (1-4) The Independence Movement (5-11) Kashmir (12-17) Copyright 2006; C. Pettinato, RCS High School, All Rights Reserved

2. 1. Colonial India

3. 2. The Early Colonizers A. The Portuguese Traders - late 1400’s, and early 1500’s B. The British East India Company – early 1600’s, obtained trading rights from the Mughal Empire (Muslim Indian Empire)

4. 3. Video

5. 4. Conquering India A. How were the British able to conquer such a large area is South Asia? A. How were the British able to conquer such a large area is South Asia? 1. India had many different cultures and languages which divided India when the Mughal Empire fell. 1. India had many different cultures and languages which divided India when the Mughal Empire fell. 2. Indians could not unite against the newcomers because of ethnic differences. 2. Indians could not unite against the newcomers because of ethnic differences. 3. The British had superior weapons 3. The British had superior weapons 4. The British played the princes against one another. 4. The British played the princes against one another.

6. 5. British Policy in India A. What was the main goal of the British East India company? B. In what ways did the British try to change India? C. How did Indians feel about British interference and domination?

7. 6. Rebellion A. The Sepoy Rebellion A. The Sepoy Rebellion B. unequal British colonial policy B. unequal British colonial policy C. A clash of cultures C. A clash of cultures D. growing nationalism in the 1800’s D. growing nationalism in the 1800’s E. The Indian National Congress (1885) E. The Indian National Congress (1885) F. The Muslim League F. The Muslim League

8. 7. Mohandis Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah

9. 8. Video

10. 9. The Amritsar Massacre and the Salt March A. What was the Amritsar Massacre and when did it take place? A. What was the Amritsar Massacre and when did it take place? B. Why was it considered a turning point for many Indians? B. Why was it considered a turning point for many Indians? C. What was the Salt March and when did it take place? C. What was the Salt March and when did it take place? D. Why was it important in the independence movement? D. Why was it important in the independence movement?

11. 10. The Amritsar Massacre of 1919

12. 11. The Salt March

13. 12. Indian Independence and a Separate Muslim State A. The British begin to give in. A. The British begin to give in. B. Independence in 1947 B. Independence in 1947 C. Hindu – Muslim violence C. Hindu – Muslim violence D. Independence for Pakistan D. Independence for Pakistan

14. 13. A Divided India - 1947

15. 14. The Problems Today in Kashmir A. Northern India was claimed by both Pakistan and India with both Muslims and Hindus living there. It was divided. A. Northern India was claimed by both Pakistan and India with both Muslims and Hindus living there. It was divided. A Muslim guerilla war to get India out of its portion of Kashmir began and continued until recently. At times these two nations had battles and brought the world close to nuclear war (both countries possessed nuclear weapons) A Muslim guerilla war to get India out of its portion of Kashmir began and continued until recently. At times these two nations had battles and brought the world close to nuclear war (both countries possessed nuclear weapons)

16. 15. The Division of Kashmir

17. 16. Reasons for Muslim – Hindu Hatred A. What are the reason for Muslim- Hindu hatred? A. What are the reason for Muslim- Hindu hatred? 1. Hindu resentment of Islam 1. Hindu resentment of Islam 2. Mughal domination 2. Mughal domination 3. religious differences 3. religious differences 4. religious persecution 4. religious persecution 5. unwarranted fears 5. unwarranted fears 6. religious extremism 6. religious extremism

18. 17. The Earthquake of 2005 A. In October of 2005 a massive earthquake struck the Muslim section of Kashmir killing tens of thousands in very remote regions. B. India was quick to send generous relief teams, supplies, and money. Pakistan was very thankful for the help C. Tensions are temporarily better.

19. 18. The 2005 Earthquake

20. 19. 2005 Earthquake Map

21. 20. Important Terms and People A. British East India Co. B. Sepoy Rebellion C. Indian National Congress D. Amritsar Massacre E. Salt March F. peaceful civil disobedience G. Mohandis Gandhi H. Muhammad Ali Jinnah I. Muslim League J. the partition of India K. Kashmir L. religious extremist M. guerilla warfare