1. CH 21, sect. 2 PP Notes East Africa:  Both Germany and Great Britain tried to control this area.  Germany wanted to develop colonies, Britain wanted to have their colonies connect from S. Africa to Egypt.  Berlin Conference held in 1884-1885: Countries of Europe met to decide who would control Africa. No Africans were present at the conference.

12. South Africa:  People from Holland had settled in S. Africa – they were called Boers or Afrikaners.  In the early 1800’s Britain seized the area and began encouraging settlement. This made the Boers angry.  Boers then fled north, this was called the Great Trek -- They formed two independent republics called the Orange Free State and the Transvaal.

19. South Africa cont.:  Boers believed that white superiority was ordained by god.  Put native Africans on reservations, also had major conflicts with the Zulu people.  Zulu were led by Shaka who created an empire near the Boers.  Late 1800’s the British had to come in and defeat the Zulu.

24. Cecil Rhodes:  Founded gold and diamond companies that had made him rich.  He gained control of an area north of the Transvaal which he called Rhodesia.  Wanted to build a railroad from Cairo, Egypt to Capetown, South Africa.  Was forced to resign as prime minister of Cape Colony when it was discovered he planned to overthrow the Boer gov’t.

29. Boer War: 1899-1902  Boers were angry about Rhodes’ attempts to overthrow their gov’t.  Boers used guerrilla warfare which angered the British.  British responded by burning farms and forcing Boer women and children into concentration camps.  Boers were defeated and in 1910 the Union of South Africa was created.

43. Colonial Rule in Africa:  By 1914 all of Africa was controlled by European countries.  Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free.  British model: Used indirect rule, but British administrators made all major decisions.  British model favored the African elite and certain tribes – this led to class and tribal warfare.

44. Colonial Rule in Africa cont.  French model: Colony was ran by a governor general.  French tried to assimilate Africans into French culture.  Africans could run for office and serve in the French Assembly in Paris.

46. Rise of African Nationalism:  Some Africans became educated in Western ideas and values.  They began to resent European occupation.  Europeans had segregated churches, clubs, and schools.  Africans began to form political parties that wanted an end to European rule.