1. Political Change AP Comparative Government Unit V

2. The Beginning of Political Change Somewhere in the history of pre-industrial or post- industrial societies, lies a period of time where ancestors (our forefathers) rose up against tyrants, tossed off the shackles of a dictatorial regime, produced a revolution, and gained freedom….

3. Revolution  Definition From the Latin revolutio, "a turn around” Violent change against an established institution.  To have a revolution, one must have a certain mix of ideas, people and events  We shall call these...

4. Revolutionary Components 1. Leader 2. Followers 3. Theme 4. Cause 5. Oppressor 6. Recognition 7. Resources 8. Martyr 9. Spark 10. Propaganda

5. 1. Leader –  The great mind or visionary -- Who is calling the shots? (Rousseau, John Locke, Jefferson) Revolutionary Components

6. Example: Russia Boris Yeltsin  First president of Russia  Pushed for democratization of the USSR satellite states as well as Russia  Abolished office of supreme leader  Reopened ties with west

7. Example: Nigeria Jaja Wachuku  First Speaker of House  Well educated  Originally From Nigeria, but lived in Ireland where received education  Exceptional Lawyer and Statesman

8. Map showing the location of the secessionist Republic of Biafra within Nigeria

9. Revolutionary Components 2. Followers --  Radicals -- The guerillas, Terrorists, zealots, bomb throwers, those who will die for the cause... (Sam Adams, Nathan Hale, Ben Franklin)  Masses -- Very important group and you need at least 50% of them to be successful. 1979 Revolution in Iran

10. Example: Iran Most supporters desired a complete overthrow and a development of an Islamic Republic of Iran Students, religious hardliners, communist organizations were all supporters of the revolution  People who felt that Islam was failing under the leadership of the Shah Supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and extreme conservatives Constitutionalist liberals — the democratic, reformist Islamic Freedom Movement of Iran, headed by Mehdi Bazargan, and the National Front  Wanted reform and not a complete overthrow— just Change  Lacked the organization and power of the Khomeini movement

11. Revolutionary Components 3. Theme –  Very Simple is Best –  “Give me Liberty or give me death”  Taxation without representation The Mass Line- Mao realized that the REAL power was from the Chinese Peasants

12. Revolutionary Components 4. Cause –  Usually very complex (Get rid of the Limeys) -- represented by simple theme Mexican Zapatista Uprising 1994

13. Example: Mexico  Zapatista Army of National Liberation  Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional  EZLN Peaceful revolutionary group Based in Chiapas, Mexico (one of the poorest states in Mexico) Rural, indigenous people Led by Subcomandante Marcos

14. Revolutionary Components 5. Oppressor  The Bad Guy, who is, in the eyes of the radicals, the target.  (George III, the Shah, the Mexican government) 6. Recognition  When the Oppressor recognizes he has a problem...  He has four options (1) Give in or Capitulate (Not likely) (2) Compromise (3) Fight... or call out the troops (4) Do nothing

15. Revolutionary Components 7. Resources  Guns + Stuff + things (1) External -- Help from afar (2) Internal -- Patriot’s guns 8. Martyr  Somebody who dies for the cause 9. Spark  What sets off the rebellion (death of a patriot…) 10. Propaganda  Truth is its most important element Is this true??

16. The Classic Revolutionary Cycle Discontent Radicalism Recognition Instability New Government Honeymoon Period One Thought

17. The Classic Revolutionary Cycle 1. One thought 2. Discontent -- Civil disobedience 3. Radicalism 4. Recognition -- Civil War 5. Instability -- the masses join the fray 6. New Government 7. Honeymoon period ------------------------------------ 1. One thought……..

18. Patriot v Radical?  What is the difference between a Patriot and a Radical?  One is accepted and the other is not.

19. The Political Spectrum Radical Liberal Conservative Reactionary Change is the key element

20. What does “Dynamic Change” Accomplish? 1. Political change  New theories – idealism 2. Economic redistribution of wealth  The rise of a new class 3. Social movements Urbanization 4. Religious unity or disunity 5. New party systems 6. Other ideas…?

21. Revolutions to Consider…  Russia  Nigeria  Mexico  China  Great Britain  Iran The Revolutions What was wrong and how was it solved?

22. TYPES OF CHANGE  Change occurs in many ways, but it may be categorized into three types: Reform Revolution Coup d'etat

23. Change through Reform  Reform is a type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions.  The reformers DO NOT advocate the overthrow of basic economic or political institutions. For example, reformers may want to change business practices in order to preserve real competition in a capitalist country Or they may want the government to become more proactive in preserving the natural environment

24. Revolution  Revolution, in contrast to reform, implies change at a more basic level, and does involve either a major revision or an overthrow of existing institutions.  A revolution usually impacts more than one area of life. The French and American Revolutions were directed at the political systems, but they significantly changed the economies and societal practices of both countries, and spread their influence throughout the globe.

25. Coup D'état  Coup d'etats generally represent the most limited of the three types of change. In a coup the leadership of a country is replaced with new leaders.  Typically coups occur in countries where government institutions are weak and leaders have taken control by force.  Often coups are carried out by the military, but the new leaders are always vulnerable to being overthrown by yet another coup.

26. ATTITUDES TOWARD CHANGE  The types of change that take place are usually strongly influenced by the attitudes of those that promote them. Attitudes toward change include: Radicalism Liberalism Conservatism Reactionary responses

27. Radicalism  Radicalism is a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.  Radicals usually think that the current system cannot be saved and must be overturned and replaced with something better.  For example, radicalism prevailed in Russia in 1917 when the old tsarist regime was replaced by the communist U.S.S.R. Radicals are often the leaders of revolutions.

28. Liberalism  Liberalism supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution. This is NOT always the same as liberalism as a political ideology. The two may or may not accompany one another. This type of liberalism generally does not believe that the political and/or economic systems are broken, but they do believe that they need to be repaired or improved.  They may support the notion that eventual transformation needs to take place, but they almost always believe that gradual change is the best.

29. Conservatism  Conservatism is much less supportive of change in general than are radicalism and liberalism. Conservatives tend to see change as disruptive, and they emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes. Legitimacy itself might be undermined, as well as the basic values and beliefs of the society.  They consider the state and the regime to be very important sources of law and order that might be threatened by making significant changes in the way that they operate.

30. Reactionary Responses  Reactionary beliefs go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs. Reactionaries are similar to conservatives in that they oppose both revolution and reform, but they differ in that they also find the status quo unacceptable. Instead, they want to turn back the clock to an earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed.  Reactionaries have one thing in common with radicals: both groups are more willing to use violence to reach their goals than are liberals or conservatives.

31. THREE TRENDS  In comparing political systems, it is important to take notice of overall patterns of development that affect everyone in the contemporary world. 1. Democratization 2. Movement toward market economies 3. The revival of ethnic or cultural politics

32. THREE TRENDS 1. Democratization 2. Movement toward market economies 3. The revival of ethnic or cultural politics  Two of these trends - democratization and the move toward market economies - indicate growing commonalities among nations  The third represents fragmentation - the revival of ethnic or cultural politics

33. Political Change in the 21 st C And the next step for our 6 core countries is…