1. Vectors and Two Dimensional Motion

2. Lesson 1 : Some Properties of Vectors
Adding Vectors
R = A + B B A
Resultant (R) is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last vector

3. Commutative Law of Addition
When two vectors are added, the sum is independent of the order of the addition.
A + B = B + A A B B R A

4. Example 1
A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0o west of north. Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s resultant displacement.
35.0 km R
20.0 km

5. The vector that when added to A gives zero for the vector sum.
Negative of a Vector
The vector that when added to A gives zero for the vector sum.
A + (-A) = 0 A -A
A and –A have the same magnitude but point in opposite directions

6. We define the operation A – B as vector –B added to vector A.
Subtracting Vectors
We define the operation A – B as vector –B added to vector A.
A – B = A + (-B) B A
C = A - B -B

7. Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
When vector A is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity m, then the product mA is a vector with the same direction of A and magnitude mA.
When vector A is multiplied by a negative scalar quantity -m, then the product -mA is a vector directed opposite A and magnitude mA.

8. Lesson 2 : Components of a Vector and Unit VectorsAy A q Ax
A = Ax + Ay
Ax = A cosq
Ay = A sinq

9. Signs of the Components Ax and Ay
Ax negative
Ay positive
Ax positive
Ay positive
Ax negative
Ay negative
Ax positive
Ay negative

10. Units vectors specify a given direction in space.
Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1.
Units vectors specify a given direction in space. i ^
(x direction) j ^
(y direction) k ^
(z direction)

11. Ax i = Axi Ay j = Ay j A = Ax i + Ay j Position Vector (r) r^ Ay
j = Ay j x ^
A = Ax i + Ay j ^
Position Vector (r) y x
(x,y) r
r = x i + y j ^

12. Vector Addition Using Unit Vectors
Given :
A = Ax i + Ay j ^
B = Bx i + By j A B
R = A + B = (Ax i + Ay j ) + ( Bx i + By j ) ^
R = (Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) j ^
Rx = Ax + Bx
Ry = Ay + By

13. Since R = Rx2 + Ry2
R = (Ax + Bx)2 + (Ay + By)2
(magnitude)
tan q = Ry Rx
tan q =
Ay + By
Ax + Bx
(direction)

14. Find the magnitude and direction of the position vector below.
Example 1
Find the magnitude and direction of the position vector below.
r = 10 i – 6 j ^ x y

15. b) find the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
Example 2
Given the vectors
A = -7 i + 4 j
B = 5 i + 9 j ^
a) find an expression for the resultant A + B in terms of unit vectors.
b) find the magnitude and direction of the resultant.

16. Example 3
A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km southeast from her car. She stops and sets up her tent for the night. On the second day, she walks 40.0 km in a direction 60.0o north of east.
a) Determine the components of the hiker’s displacement for each day.
b) Determine the components of the hiker’s resultant displacement (R) for the trip.
c) Find an expression for R in terms of unit vectors.

17. Lesson 3 : Vector Multiplication
Vector x Vector
Dot Product
(scalar product)
Cross Product
(vector product) X

18. To what extent are these two vectors in the same direction ?
Dot Product A B q
To what extent are these two vectors in the same direction ?
Answer : Dot Product A B q
A . B = AB cosq
When vectors are parallel, dot product is a maximum.
A cosq
When vectors are perpendicular, dot product is a minimum.

19. A . B = (AxBx + AyBy)
A . A = (Ax2 + Ay2) = A2

20. Find the angle between the two vectors
Example 1
Find the angle between the two vectors
A = -7 i + 4 j
B = -2 i + 9 j ^

21. Example 2
Two vectors r and s lie in the x-y plane. Their magnitudes are 4.50 and 7.30, respectively, and their directions are 320o and 85.0o, respectively, as measured counterclockwise from the +x axis. What is the value of r . s ?

22. Find the component of A = 5 i + 6 j
Example 3
Find the component of A = 5 i + 6 j
that lies along the vector B = 4 i – 8 j. ^

23. The vector product a x b produces a third vector c whose magnitude is
Cross Product
The vector product a x b produces a third vector c whose magnitude is
C = AB sinq
The cross product is maximum when vectors are perpendicular.
The cross product is minimum (0) when vectors are parallel.

24. Direction of the Cross Product
The direction of c is perpendicular to the plane that contains a and b.

25. Right-Hand Rule
1. Place vectors a and b tail-to-tail.
2. Imagine a perpendicular line to their plane where they meet.
3. Pretend to place your right hand around that line so that your fingers sweep a into b through the smaller angle between them.
4. Your outstretched thumb points in the direction of c.

26. Order of Cross Product is Important
Commutative law does not apply to a vector product.
A x B = -B x A
In unit-vector notation :
A x B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) x (Bxi + Byj + Bzk) ^

27. Example 4
Vector A lies in the x-y plane, has a magnitude of 18 units, and points in a direction 250o from the + x axis. Vector B has a magnitude of 12 units and points along the +z axis. What is the vector product c = a x b ?

28. If A = 3 i – 4 j and B = -2 i + 3 k, what is c = a x b ?
Example 5
If A = 3 i – 4 j and B = -2 i + 3 k, what is c = a x b ? ^

29. Lesson 4 : Projectile Motion
To describe motion in two dimensions precisely, we use the position vector, r. Dr
r(t2)
r(t1)
Dr = r(t2) – r(t1)

30. Dr vav = Dt v = Dr Dt lim = dr dt v = dr dt = dx + i ^ dy j a = dv dt

31. An object is described by the position vector
Example 1
An object is described by the position vector
r(t) = (3t3 - 4t) i + (1 – ½ t2) j ^
Find its velocity and acceleration for arbitrary times.

32. Example 2
A rabbit runs across a parking lot. The coordinates of the rabbit’s position as functions of time t are given by
x = -0.31t t + 28
y = 0.22t2 – 9.1t + 30
a) Find its velocity v at time t = 15s in unit- vector notation and magnitude-angle notation.
b) Find its acceleration a at time t = 15s in unit- vector notation and magnitude- angle notation.

33. Analyzing Projectile Motionvy v vx
In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other. Neither motion affects the other.
X-Direction Constant Velocity
Y-Direction Constant Acceleration

34. Initial x and y Componentsvi
viy q
vix
vix = vi cosq
viy = vi sinq

35. Horizontal Motion Equations Vertical Motion Equations
vy = viy - gt
vx = vix
Dy = ½ (vy + viy) t
Dx = vix t
Dy = viy t – ½ gt2
vy2 = viy2 – 2 gDy
Upward and toward right is +
ay = -g

36. Proof that Trajectory is a Parabola
Dx = vix t
t = Dx
vix
Dy = viy t – ½ gt2
Dy = viy ( ) – ½ g ( )2 Dx
vix
y =
viy
vix ( )
x + (- g
2vix x2
(equation of a parabola)

37. Maximum Height of a Projectile
vy = viy - gt
0 = vi sinq - gt (at peak)
t =
vi sinq g
(at peak)
Dy = viy t – ½ gt2 ( )
h = (vi sinq)
vi sinq g
- ½ g 2
h =
vi2 sin2q 2g

38. Horizontal Range of a Projectile
Dx = R = vix t
R = vi cosq 2t (twice peak time)
t =
vi sinq g
(at peak)
R = vi cosq
2vi sinq g
sin 2q = 2sinqcosq (trig identity)
R =
vi2 sin 2q g

39. Example 3
A ball rolls off a table 1.0 m high with a speed of 4 m/s. How far from the base of the table does it land ?

40. Example 4
An arrow is shot from a castle wall 10. m high. It leaves the bow with a speed of 40. m/s directed 37o above the horizontal.
a) Find the initial velocity components.
b) Find the maximum height of the arrow.
c) Where does the arrow land ?
d) How fast is the arrow moving just before impact ?

41. Example 5
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at an angle of 30o to the horizontal with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s.
a) If the building is 45.0 m high, how long does it take the stone to reach the ground ?
b) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes the ground ?

42. Example 6
A projectile is launched from the top of a cliff above level ground. At launch the projectile is 35 m above the base of the cliff and has a velocity of 50 m/s at an angle of 37o with the horizontal. Air resistance is negligible. Consider the following two cases and use g = 10 m/s2, sin 37o = 0.60, and cos 37o = 0.80.
Case I : The projectile follows the path shown by the curved line in the following diagram.
a) Calculate the total time from launch until the projectile hits the ground at point C.
b) Calculate the horizontal distance R that the projectile travels before it hits the ground.
c) Calculate the speed of the projectile at points A, B, and C.