1. 29 Civil Rights Taking on Segregation The Triumphs of a Crusade
QUIT 29
C H A P T E R
Civil Rights
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
SECTION 1
Taking on Segregation
SECTION 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION 3
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
VISUAL SUMMARY

2. HOME 29
C H A P T E R
Civil Rights
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the African-American struggle for civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s

3. 29 Civil Rights I N T E R A C T What rights are worth fighting for?
HOME 29
C H A P T E R
Civil Rights
I N T E R A C T
W I T H H I S T O R Y
The year is 1960, and segregation divides the nation’s people. African Americans are denied access to jobs and housing and are refused service at restaurants and stores. But the voices of the oppressed rise up in the churches and in the streets, demanding civil rights for all Americans.
What rights are worth fighting for?
Examine the Issues
• Are all Americans entitled to the same civil rights?
• What are the risks of demanding rights?
• Why might some people fight against equal rights?

4. 29 Civil Rights The United States The World continued . . . HOME
C H A P T E R
Civil Rights
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision orders the desegregation of public schools.
1955 Montgomery bus boycott begins.
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower is reelected.
1956 Suez Canal crisis occurs in Egypt.
1957 School desegregation crisis occurs in Little Rock, Arkansas.
1957 African nation of Ghana wins independence.
1959 Fidel Castro assumes power in Cuba.
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president.
1962 South African civil rights leader Nelson Mandela is imprisoned.
1963 Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president upon John F. Kennedy’s assassination.
continued . . .

5. 29 Civil Rights The United States The World HOME TIME LINE
C H A P T E R
Civil Rights
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. Congress passes the Civil Rights Act.
1966 Cultural Revolution begins in China.
1967 Race riots occur in major U.S. cities.
1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated.
1968 Tet offensive begins in Vietnam.
1969 U.S. astronauts walk on the moon.
1970 President Nasser of Egypt dies.

6. 1 Taking on Segregation KEY IDEA
S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
KEY IDEA
African Americans use strong organization and nonviolent tactics to confront the South’s policies of segregation and racial inequality.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

7. 1 Taking on Segregation OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
Landmark Supreme Court decisions beginning in 1954 have guaranteed civil rights for Americans today.
TERMS & NAMES
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
• Rosa Parks
• sit-in
• Thurgood Marshall
ASSESSMENT

8. Challenging Segregation
S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Give examples of tactics, organizations, leaders, and Supreme Court decisions of the civil rights movement up to 1960.
NAACP
SCLC
SNCC
CORE
Morgan v. Virginia
Sweatt v. Painter
Brown v. Board of Education
Court Decisions
Supreme
Organizations
Challenging Segregation
Thurgood Marshall
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Ella Baker
Jo Ann Gibson Robinson
nonviolent resistance
legal action
Tactics
Leaders
continued . . .

9. S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think the nonviolence used by civil rights activists was a good tactic? Think About:
• the Montgomery bus boycott
• television coverage of events
• sit-ins
ANSWER
Nonviolent protests, such as the Montgomery bus boycott and sit-ins, alerted people to the problem of racism while capturing their sympathy; television coverage depicted the extent of the problem.
continued . . .

10. S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. How did the tactics of the student protesters from SNCC differ from those of the boycotters in Montgomery?
ANSWER
The students confronted businesses that had segregationist policies instead of boycotting them.
continued . . .

11. S E C T I O N 1
Taking on Segregation
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling, what do you think was the most significant event of the civil rights movement prior to 1960? Why? Think About:
• the role of civil rights leaders
• the results of confrontations and boycotts
• the role of grassroots organizations
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
the crisis at Little Rock, because it forced the government to act
the Montgomery bus boycott, which brought Martin Luther King, Jr., into a leadership role
End of Section 1

12. The Triumphs of a Crusade
S E C T I O N 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
HOME
KEY IDEA
Civil rights activists break down numerous racial barriers through continued social protest and prompting of landmark legislation.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

13. The Triumphs of a Crusade
S E C T I O N 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Civil rights activists break down numerous racial barriers through continued social protest and prompting of landmark legislation.
Activism pushed the federal government to end segregation and ensure voting rights for African Americans.
TERMS & NAMES
• Freedom Summer
• Fannie Lou Hamer
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• freedom riders
• James Meredith
ASSESSMENT

14. The Triumphs of a Crusade
S E C T I O N 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the steps that African Americans took to desegregate buses and schools from 1962 to 1965.
1965
Voting Rights Act passed.
1964
Johnson signs Civil Rights Act.
1963
Protests, boycotts, and media coverage force Birmingham to end segregation.
Kennedy orders troops to desegregate the University of Alabama.
March on Washington takes place.
1962
A federal court case allows James Meredith to enroll in the University of Mississippi.
continued . . .

15. The Triumphs of a Crusade
S E C T I O N 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. What assumptions and beliefs do you think guided the fierce opposition to the civil rights movement in the South? Think About:
• the social and political structure of the South
• Mississippi governor Ross Barnett’s comment during his radio address
• the actions of police and some white Southerners
ANSWER
Many white Southerners considered blacks to be members of an inferior race—an attitude that dated back to the use of enslaved Africans. Southerners feared a backlash if African Americans gained equal rights. Some, like Governor Barnett, viewed the battle for segregation as a war. Police and others often acted accordingly, with violence.
continued . . .

16. The Triumphs of a Crusade
S E C T I O N 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Just after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, white Alabama governor George Wallace said,
“ It is ironical that this event occurs as we approach the celebration of Independence Day. On that day we won our freedom. On this day we have largely lost it.”
What do you think Wallace meant by his statement?
ANSWER
Wallace apparently felt that the gaining of equal rights by African Americans would diminish the freedom of Southerners to do as they pleased and to maintain the kind of society and political structure to which Southerners were accustomed.
End of Section 2

17. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
S E C T I O N 3
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
GRAPH
HOME
KEY IDEA
The civil rights movement turns north, new leaders emerge, and the movement becomes more militant, thus leaving behind a mixed legacy.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

18. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
S E C T I O N 3
GRAPH
HOME
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
From the fight for equality came a resurgence of racial pride for African Americans, a legacy that influences today’s generations.
TERMS & NAMES
• de facto segregation
• de jure segregation
• Nation of Islam
• affirmative action
• Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Kerner Commission
• Stokely Carmichael
• Black Power
• Malcolm X
• Black Panthers
ASSESSMENT

19. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
S E C T I O N 3
GRAPH
HOME
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five key events of the civil rights movement.
Feb. 1965
Oct. 1966
Malcolm X assassinated
Black Panthers founded
July 1964
Aug. 1965
April 1968
Harlem riots
Watts riots in Los Angeles
Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated
continued . . .

20. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
S E C T I O N 3
GRAPH
HOME
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
ASSESSMENT
2. What factors contributed to the outbreak of violence in the fight for civil rights? Think About:
• different leaders’ approach to civil rights issues
• living conditions in urban areas
• de facto and de jure segregation
ANSWER
Malcolm X, Black Panthers, and others’ philosophy of violent protests; African Americans’ reaction to the assassination of civil rights leaders; backlash against white racist acts; poor living and working conditions, especially in urban areas; difficulty in eradicating de facto segregation in the North
continued . . .

21. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
S E C T I O N 3
GRAPH
HOME
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
ASSESSMENT
3. Compare and contrast the civil rights strategies of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Whose strategies do you think were more effective?
ANSWER
Both wanted civil rights and greater opportunities. King preached racial equality. Malcolm X preached black separatism and armed self-defense.
Effectiveness: King, because his demonstrations caused civil rights legislation to be passed; Malcolm X, because he urged African Americans to fight back.
End of Section 3