1. Civil Rights 1960s

2. #1 and #2 GOALS of Civil Rights Movement?

3. Sit-Ins 1960-1961 Non-violent protest against segregation of public facilities  Movie theaters  Restaurants  Diners  Stores  Hotels Brought college students into the struggle Remained peaceful despite violence against those who sat-in Spread to over 100 cities in south, led to desegregation of public facilities in major cities.

4. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – April 1960 African American College Students Goals:  to desegregate public facilities in the south.  Register Voters Voter Education Program  Rural SOUTH

5. Freedom Riders - 1961 Purpose: To desegregate bus terminals throughout the south Consequences: Excessive violence from white resisters to integration. Pressure and persistence ended segregated terminals by 1962

6. Birmingham 1963 Climax of Civil Rights Movement Intense Protests  Sit-ins  Marches  Boycotts Bull Connor responds  Attack dogs  Violence  Fire hoses King Arrested  Letter From Birmingham Jail  "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"  Described the importance of Civil rights and Civil disobedience

7. Bull Connor -White Supremacist and Police Chief of Birmingham  Allowed Klan to attack Freedom Riders  Used excessive Violence against demonstrators Gov. George Wallace Alabama Governor that resisted the integration of the University of Alabama “segregation today, segregation tomorrow segregation forever”

8. March on Washington Aug 1963 200, 000 Demonstrators led by Dr. King gather at the nations capital to lobby congress for Civil Rights Bill to end segregation and racial discrimination King’s gave speech on his DREAM for equality & Freedom for all Americans Turned Black Southern Movement into a national multi-racial movement

9. Civil Rights Act of 1964-July Gave federal government power to prevent racial discrimination Made segregation illegal in most public places; gave citizens equal access to public facilities But did little to end racial discrimination in the workplace.

10. Had the Civil Rights Movement reached both of its goals yet? 15 th Amendment?

11. 24 th Amendment – Jan 1964 Eliminated Poll Taxes More African Americans are voting despite violence

12. Selma March – Jan 1965 50 Mile march from Selma to Montgomery to pressure Federal Government to pass the Voting Rights Act Selma- Sheriff Clark armed dozens of white citizens to discourage African Americans from voting Police violently attacked and arrested peaceful demonstrators, including young school children “Bloody Sunday” – demonstrators were beaten in front of TV cameras

14. Voting Rights Act of 1965- Aug Turning point of the Civil rights movement Federal govt. register voters bypassing local officials who refused registration to African Americans Ended voting discrimination and literacy test.

15. After 1965, what was the goal of the Civil Rights Movement??? Social Equality & Economic Equality

16. Social Equality Watts Riots - Aug 1965  6 day riot in LA in response to police brutality.  $45 million in damage  34 people killed  14,000 National Guard called in to stop riot  Showed a more militant and confrontational phase of the civil rights movement Kerner Commission  Blamed white society and white racism for inequality  Recommended creation of 2 million jobs, 6 million units of housing in inner city.  LBJ never took recommendations

17. Economic Equality Chicago Movement  King’s attempt to draw attention to the unfair living conditions for African Americans of the inner city.  MLK moved to Chicago slums  Marched in white neighborhood – attacked by white mob  Program created to open new mortgage prorams and homes to blacks  Failed…due to lack of interest

18. Black Power Movement Belief that African Americans should control the social, political, and economic direction of their struggle. Stress PRIDE in African American culture  Natural hairstyles, African-styled clothing  World-wide trend (Steve Biko, Anti-apartheid in South Africa)

19. Stokely Carmichael Led SNCC in 1966 Lost faith in nonviolent tactics Starting promoting Black Power

20. Malcolm X & Nation of Islam Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)  NOT same beliefs as mainstream Muslims  Black Nationalism  African Americans should separate themselves and form self-governing communities  GOALS: to become economically self-sufficient and promoted RESPECT to strengthen family values  Ran own businesses, schools, newspapers  Not advocates of violence, but did advocate for self-defense  Malcolm X – most famous public figure of Nation of Islam  In prison, he self-educated himself and joined the Nation  He inspired people to take pride in their culture and heritage and to believe in their ability to make their way in the world  Assassinated in February 1965

21. Black Panthers – October 1966 Origins : Influenced by Malcolm X & black nationalism Started by Bobby Seale, Huey Newton and Eldridge Cleaver Believed in gaining equal rights using self defense and economic self-sufficiency Developed 10 Point Program:  Black empowerment, end to racial oppression, control of local schools, housing, medical facilities

23. Assassination of Dr. King April 1968 King fighting to end poverty and unemployment Civil Rights Act of 1968- Fair housing, ended discrimination in sales and rentals. Civil Rights Movement lacked unity, purpose and vision of Dr. King

24. 1960s Social Change & Counterculture

25. Social Change Significant improvements in the lives of minorities  Hispanics  African-Americans  Gays  Women  Asians  Native Americans

26. Mexican-Americans LULAC – League of United Latin American Citizens  Promoted education fought for desegregation  Set up English language classes in public schools La Raza Unida  Helped promote Hispanic candidates in local elections  Mobilized Hispanic American voters  Called for job-training programs  Promoted greater access to financial institutions

27. United Farm Workers Cesar Chavez & Dolores Huerta Organized Farm Workers to protest for  Better working conditions  Higher pay, benefits  Social reforms Used non-violent protest & boycotts

28. Women’s Liberation Feminism  was the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men Betty Friedan’s  Feminine Mystique National Organization for Women (NOW)  fought against gender bias in hiring and in the workplace and pushed for child-care facilities

29. Gay Rights Stone Wall Riots in NYC -- a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against police and government sponsored persecution Castro District “The Castro” in San Francisco -- predominantly Gay neighborhood that organized for gay rights

30. Asian-Amerians Backlash and racism from the Vietnam War Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at Asians

31. What is counterculture?

32. Counter Culture Movement made up of mostly white, middle class college-aged people who were disillusioned with the war and injustices of society Believed that materialism, technology and war were hollow They turned their backs on traditional America and found a societies based on an idealism, peace and love

33. Hippie Culture Rock-n-Roll Music Sexual Revolution (free love) Illegal drug use Promotion of eastern religions (Zen Buddhism) Ragged jeans, tie-dye shirts, military garments, love beads, and muslin shirts, long hair and beards Many joined communes Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco

34. Does the song support or criticize the Vietnam War?

35. 1960s Protest Music Helped inspire a generation against injustices Openly criticized the government and foreign policy (Vietnam War); criticized political issues  “to help save Vietnam from Vietnamese” Exposed corruption and social issues in America

36. Woodstock Set up for 50,000 500,000 showed up It showcased numerous bands that were or became icons in the music industry It was a mental and spiritual escape from the chaotic decade of the 1960s It signified a new generation taking control, young adults expressing themselves in a way different than their parents

37. Protests to the Vietnam War Kent State University Student Protests  Ohio National Guard soldiers, armed with tear gas and rifles, fired on demonstrators without an order to do so  Soldiers killed 4 and injured 9 students Vietnam War Draft  College deferment  increase in low-income draftees  Refusal to go  Burned draft cards, fled the country, refused the draft and went to prison Lowered voting age to 18 with the 26 th Amendment  Felt that if they were old enough to fight, they were old enough to vote

38. Warren Court Brown v. Board of Edu  Segregation in public schools declared unconstitutional Reynolds v. Sims  Congressional districts should be equal in population  Shifted political power from rural areas to urban areas Miranda v. Arizona  Police must inform suspects of their rights during the arrest process  MIRANDA RIGHTS

39. 1968 Election President Johnson (D) announced his intent NOT to run for re-election Robert Kennedy (D)  About to win the Democratic nomination  Assassinated on June 5, 1968 Richard Nixon (R)  Violence and chaos associated with Democratic Party benefitted Nixon; promised to end the war and restore order at home  Southern Strategy: Nixon’s attempt to win over voters who supported segregation during his campaign