1. Mastering NT Greek 27. Comparatives and Clauses By Ted Hildebrandt © 2003 Baker Academic

2. Warm-ups

3. Rapping the Lord’s Prayer Pa o@noma qe o@noma qe<lhma< sou, let be will your

4. Rapping the Lord’s Prayer w[j e]n ou]ran&? kai> e]pi> gh?j: as in heaven also on earth to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n the bread our e]piou j h[mi?n sh e]pi> gh?j: as in heaven also on earth to>n a@rton h[mw?n to>n the bread our e]piou j h[mi?n sh<meron: daily give us today

5. Rapping the Lord’s Prayer kai> a@fej h[mi?n ta> o]feilh h[mei?j a]fh a@fej h[mi?n ta> o]feilh h[mei?j a]fh<kamen as also we have forgiven toi?j o]feile<taij h[mw?n the ones trespassing us

6. Rapping the Lord’s Prayer kai> mh> ei]sene r[u?sai h[ma?j a]po> but deliver us from tou? ponhrou? the evil one kai> mh> ei]sene r[u?sai h[ma?j a]po> but deliver us from tou? ponhrou? the evil one

7. 3 rd Declension Chantables xari<j o@noma, pi<stij xari<j o@noma, pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<rij o@noma pi<stij xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<ritoj o]no<matoj pi<stewj xa<riti o]no<mati pi<stei xa<riti o]no<mati pi<stei xa<rita o@noma pi<stin xa<rita o@noma pi<stin xa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steij xa<ritej o]no<mata pi<steij xari<twn o]noma<twn pi<stewn xari<twn o]noma<twn pi<stewn xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n) pi<stesi(n) xa<risi(n) o]no<masi(n) pi<stesi(n) xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij xa<ritaj o]no<mata pi<steij

8. Paradigm didwmi -- give it to -mi Present Imperfect Future Aorist Present Imperfect Future Aorist 1 di<dwmi e]di<doun dw<sw e@dwka 2 di<dwj e]di<douj dw<seij e@dwkaj 3 di<dwsi e]di<dou dw<sei e@dwke(n) 1 di<domen edi<domen dw<somen e]dw<kamen 2 di<dote e]di<dote dw<sete e]dw<kate 3 dido<asi edi<dosan dw<sousi e@dwkan 1 di<dwmi e]di<doun dw<sw e@dwka 2 di<dwj e]di<douj dw<seij e@dwkaj 3 di<dwsi e]di<dou dw<sei e@dwke(n) 1 di<domen edi<domen dw<somen e]dw<kamen 2 di<dote e]di<dote dw<sete e]dw<kate 3 dido<asi edi<dosan dw<sousi e@dwkan Perfect add a d on the front of the Aorist Perfect add a d on the front of the Aorist

9. Moody di<dwmi Present Aorist Present Aorist Present Aorist Present Aorist Subj Subj Imper Imper Subj Subj Imper Imper 1 di<dw dw? -- -- 2 di<d&?j d&?j di<dou do<j 3 di<d&? d&? dido<tw do<tw 1 di<dw?men dw?men -- -- 2 di<dw?te dw?te di<dote- do<te- 3 di<dw?si dw?si dido<twsan do<twsan 1 di<dw dw? -- -- 2 di<d&?j d&?j di<dou do<j 3 di<d&? d&? dido<tw do<tw 1 di<dw?men dw?men -- -- 2 di<dw?te dw?te di<dote- do<te- 3 di<dw?si dw?si dido<twsan do<twsan

10. Present Paradigms of other -mi Spanish endings to chant: -mi, -j, -si, -men, -te, -asi Spanish endings to chant: -mi, -j, -si, -men, -te, -asi 1 i!sthmi ti<qhmi dei<knumi 2 i!sthj ti<qhj die<knueij 3 i!sthsi(n) ti<qhsi(n) dei<knusi(n) 1 i!stamen ti<qemen dei<knumen 2 i!state ti<qete dei<knute 3 i[sta?si(n) tiqe<asi(n) deiknu<asi(n) 1 i!sthmi ti<qhmi dei<knumi 2 i!sthj ti<qhj die<knueij 3 i!sthsi(n) ti<qhsi(n) dei<knusi(n) 1 i!stamen ti<qemen dei<knumen 2 i!state ti<qete dei<knute 3 i[sta?si(n) tiqe<asi(n) deiknu<asi(n)

11. Principal Parts PresAI FAI AAI PerfAI PresAI FAI AAI PerfAI di<dwmi, dw<sw, e@dwka, de<dwka, ti<qhmi, qh<sw, e@qhka, te<qeika, i!sthmi, sth<sw, e@sthsa, e!sthka, dei<knumi, dei<cw, e@deica de<deixa, di<dwmi, dw<sw, e@dwka, de<dwka, ti<qhmi, qh<sw, e@qhka, te<qeika, i!sthmi, sth<sw, e@sthsa, e!sthka, dei<knumi, dei<cw, e@deica de<deixa, PerfMI API PerfMI API de<domai, e]do<qhn te<qeimai, e]te<qhn e!stamai, e]sta<qhn de<deigmai, e]dei<xqhn de<domai, e]do<qhn te<qeimai, e]te<qhn e!stamai, e]sta<qhn de<deigmai, e]dei<xqhn

12. Infinitive ending tags to know Present: ein esqai Second Aorist: ei?n esqai h?nai First Aorist: ai asqai h?nai Perfect: nai sqai Present: ein esqai Second Aorist: ei?n esqai h?nai First Aorist: ai asqai h?nai Perfect: nai sqai

13. Endings for the Imperative soft shoe Present Present  - e, -tw, -te, -twsan (Active) -ou, -sqw, -sqe, -sqwsan (M/Pas) First Aorist First Aorist  -n, -tw, -te, -twsan (Active) -ai, -sqw, -sqe, -sqwsan (Mid) -ti, -tw, -te, -twsan (Pas) Second Aorist endings = present ending + -ti for the passive Second Aorist endings = present ending + -ti for the passive

14. Counting to 10: Cardinals ei$j 1 e!c 6 du<o 2 e[pta< 7 trei?j 3 o]ktw< 8 te<ssarej 4 e]nne<a 9 pe<nte 5 de<ka 10 ei$j 1 e!c 6 du<o 2 e[pta< 7 trei?j 3 o]ktw< 8 te<ssarej 4 e]nne<a 9 pe<nte 5 de<ka 10

15. Comparatives and Clauses

16. Ch. 27 Comparatives/Superlatives Comparatives/Superlatives Comparatives/Superlatives In English it is seen in: In English it is seen in:  good / small  better / smaller (comparative)  best / smallest (superlative)  great, greater, greatest, etc.  beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful  Comparative compares 2 items;  Superlatives compare 3 or more

17. Greek Comparative/Superlative In Greek the comparative may be function as: In Greek the comparative may be function as:  1) A regular adjective  2) A superlative (superlative dying out)  3) A elative (intensified adjectival sense: very great) Superlative may function: regular, elative or comparative as well Superlative may function: regular, elative or comparative as well

18. Greek Comparative Greek uses an -wn or - teroj, -a, -on ending Greek uses an -wn or - teroj, -a, -on ending me<gaj (great) -- mei<zwn (greater) (Mat 11:11), me<gaj (great) -- mei<zwn (greater) (Mat 11:11), polu<j (many), plei<wn (more) polu<j (many), plei<wn (more) The particle h@ is frequently used in comparative situations "greater than...“ The particle h@ is frequently used in comparative situations "greater than...“ Comparative as elative Comparative as elative o{j w@fqh (o[ra h[meraj plei h[meraj plei<ouj  who was seen for very many days (Acts 13:31)

19. Greek Comparative Comparative as superlative Comparative as superlative Luk 9:48 o[ mikro<teroj pa?sin u[mi?n... e]stin me<gaj Luk 9:48 o[ mikro<teroj pa?sin u[mi?n... e]stin me<gaj the least among you... is greatest the least among you... is greatest Comparative as regular Adj. Comparative as regular Adj. Mat 12:6 le<gw u[mi?n o!ti tou? i[erou? mei?zon e]stin w$de Mat 12:6 le<gw u[mi?n o!ti tou? i[erou? mei?zon e]stin w$de I tell you, [something] greater than the temple is here I tell you, [something] greater than the temple is here

20. Greek Comparative Declining comparatives: Declining comparatives: mei<zwn, mei<zonoj, mei<zoni, mei<zona, mei<zonej... mei<zwn, mei<zonoj, mei<zoni, mei<zona, mei<zonej... Other comparatives Other comparatives  a]gaqo<j (good); krei<sswn (better)  polu<j (much); plei<wn (more)  kako<j (bad); xei<rwn (worse)

21. Greek Superlatives Superlatives made by adding -tatoj, -h, - on or -istoj, -h, -on Superlatives made by adding -tatoj, -h, - on or -istoj, -h, -on mikro<j ( little) mikro<j ( little) e]la<sswn (less) e]la<sswn (less) e]la<xistoj (least) e]la<xistoj (least) Some other superlatives Some other superlatives  u!yistoj, -h, -on (highest);  plei?stoj (most)

22. Greek Superlatives As elative: As elative: Mk 4:1 suna j au]to>n o@xloj plei?stoj Mk 4:1 suna j au]to>n o@xloj plei?stoj  a very great crowd gathered before him As Comparative As Comparative Mat 21:28 a@nqrwpoj ei#xen te proselqe>n t&? prw proselqe>n t&? prw<t& ei#pen a man had two sons. He came to the first and said a man had two sons. He came to the first and said

23. Conjunctions - Temporal -- Structural Markers a@xri until a@xri until e]pei< when e]pei< when e]peidh< when e]peidh< when e!wj until e!wj until o!te when o!te when pri<n before pri<n before

24. Conjunctions - Causal - Structural Markers ga<r for ga<r for dio<ti because dio<ti because e]pei< since e]pei< since o!ti because o!ti because w[j since w[j since e]peidh< since e]peidh< since

25. Conjunctions - Purpose -- Structural Markers i!na in order that i!na in order that o!pwj in order that o!pwj in order that w[j in order that w[j in order that

26. Conjunctions - Continuative - Structural Markers de< and, now de< and, now i!na that i!na that kai< and kai< and o!ti that o!ti that ou#n then, now ou#n then, now te< and te< and

27. Conjunctions - Adversative - Structural Markers a]lla< but a]lla< but de< but de< but kai< but -- rare kai< but -- rare me<ntoi however me<ntoi however ou#n however ou#n however

28. Other structural marking particles a]mh<n so be it, truly a]mh<n so be it, truly a@ra therefore a@ra therefore i@de behold i@de behold i]dou< behold i]dou< behold me<n indeed me<n indeed nai< yes, indeed nai< yes, indeed

29. Clause types - Introduction Phrase -- multiple word unit without a verb Phrase -- multiple word unit without a verb Clause -- multiple word unit with a verb Clause -- multiple word unit with a verb Clauses can act or substitute for: Clauses can act or substitute for:  1) Substantive (noun):  I do not have what I need.  2) Adjective:  He bought the ball which was on the floor.  3) Adverb:  We will visit when the car is working.

30. Clause Types -- Purpose Clause Purpose Clause -- Tells the goal or reason for the action of the main verb Purpose Clause -- Tells the goal or reason for the action of the main verb I went to encourage Zach. -- tells goal/purpose for an activity I went to encourage Zach. -- tells goal/purpose for an activity Infinitives play this role Infinitives play this role  Mh> nomi n no nomi n no<mon  Do not think that I came to destroy the law.

31. Purpose Clause ei]j or pro<j with the articular infinitive ei]j or pro<j with the articular infinitive  poiou?sin pro>j to> qeaqh?nai toi?j a]nqrw j to> qeaqh?nai toi?j a]nqrw<poij (Mat 23:5)  they do [them] to be seen by men With i!na + subjunctive With i!na + subjunctive  h#lqen -- i!na marturh tou? fwto tou? fwto<j  he came that he might bear witness concerning the light (Jn 1:7)

32. Result Clause Shows results of main verb. In English the translation is often close but the meaning is quite distinct Shows results of main verb. In English the translation is often close but the meaning is quite distinct w!ste or w[j + Infinitive w!ste or w[j + Infinitive kai> e]a>n e@xw pa?san th>n pi e]a>n e@xw pa?san th>n pi<stin w!ste o@rh meqista<nai and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains (result of faith) and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains (result of faith)

33. Temporal Clauses Tell when the events of the main verb are taking place (before, after, during...) Tell when the events of the main verb are taking place (before, after, during...) The structural indicating conjunctions will trigger this The structural indicating conjunctions will trigger this o!te e]te j lo j lo<gouj tou<touj, meth?ren. When Jesus had finished these words, he departed (Mat 19:1) When Jesus had finished these words, he departed (Mat 19:1)

34. Thinking beyond the box The point of the discussion on clauses was to begin thinking beyond the word level (parsing, word meaning) moving to the phrase and clause level. The point of the discussion on clauses was to begin thinking beyond the word level (parsing, word meaning) moving to the phrase and clause level.

35. Language Levels The development is from: The development is from: words  phrases & clauses words  phrases & clauses words/phrases/clause  sentences words/phrases/clause  sentences Sentences  to paragraphs Sentences  to paragraphs Finally paragraphs  discourses/books/epistles Finally paragraphs  discourses/books/epistles

36. Language Levels He wrote in the book which was on the table. He wrote in the book which was on the table. PrepP Sub. Clause Clause Sentence 3 Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Paragraph 1Paragraph 2 Discourse/Story/Epistle

37. Importance of different levels Context determines meaning. These higher levels allow one to establish semantic and syntactic context. Context determines meaning. These higher levels allow one to establish semantic and syntactic context.

38. Chapter 27 Vocabulary du<o du<o  two dw<deka dw<deka  twelve ei$j, mi<a, e!n ei$j, mi<a, e!n  one e[kato<n e[kato<n  one hundred e[pta< e[pta<  seven

39. Chapter 27 Vocabulary mhdei<j, mhdemi<a, mhde<n mhdei<j, mhdemi<a, mhde<n  no, no one ou]dei<j, ou]demi<a, ou]de<n ou]dei<j, ou]demi<a, ou]de<n  no, no one pe<nte pe<nte  five trei?j, tri<a trei?j, tri<a  three xilia<j, -a<doj, h[ xilia<j, -a<doj, h[  thousand

40. Vocabulary Review

41. Chapter 1 Vocabulary angel, messenger a@ggeloj, -ou, o[ verily, truly a]mh<n man, humankind a@nqrwpoj, -ou, o[ I e]gw< e]gw<God qeo<j, -ou?, o[

42. Chapter 1 Vocabulary and, also, even kai<heart kardi<a, -aj, h[ I say I sayle<gwprophet profh<thj, -ou, o[ Christ, Messiah Xristo<j, -ou?, o[

43. Chapter 2 Vocabulary brother brother a]delfo<j, -ou?, o[a]delfo<j, -ou?, o[ I hear, obey I hear, obey a]kou<wa]kou<w glory, fame glory, fame do<ca, -hj, h[do<ca, -hj, h[ I have I have e@xwe@xw world world ko<smoj, -ou, o[ko<smoj, -ou, o[

44. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Lord, sir Lord, sir ku<rioj, -ou, o[ku<rioj, -ou, o[ word word lo<goj, -ou, o[lo<goj, -ou, o[ Peter Peter Pe<troj, -ou, o[Pe<troj, -ou, o[ son son ui[o<j, -ou?, o[ui[o<j, -ou?, o[ Pharisee Pharisee Farisai?oj, -ou, o[Farisai?oj, -ou, o[

45. Chapter 3 Vocabulary but, yet but, yet a]lla<a]lla< apostle, sent one apostle, sent one a]po<stoloj, -ou, o[a]po<stoloj, -ou, o[ I see I see ble<pwble<pw for, then for, then ga<rga<r I know I know ginw<skw ginw<skw

46. Chapter 3 Vocabulary Jesus Jesus ]Ihsou?j, -ou?, o[]Ihsou?j, -ou?, o[ I take, receive I take, receive lamba<nwlamba<nw I loose I loose lu<wlu<w heaven heaven ou]rano<j, -ou?, o[ou]rano<j, -ou?, o[ I believe I believe pisteu<wpisteu<w

47. Chapter 4 Vocabulary I love I love a]gapa<wa]gapa<w I write I write gra<fwgra<fw but, and but, and de<de< servant, slave servant, slave dou?loj, -ou, o[dou?loj, -ou, o[ I find I find eu[ri<skweu[ri<skw

48. Chapter 4 Vocabulary temple temple i[ero<n, -ou?, to<i[ero<n, -ou?, to< people people lao<j, -ou?, o[lao<j, -ou?, o[ law law no<moj, -ou, o[no<moj, -ou, o[ house house oi#koj, -ou, o[oi#koj, -ou, o[ as, about, how as, about, how w[jw[j

49. Chapter 5 Vocabulary love love a]ga<ph, -hj, h[a]ga<ph, -hj, h[ truth truth a]lh<qeia, -aj, h[a]lh<qeia, -aj, h[ sin sin a[marti<a, -aj, h[a[marti<a, -aj, h[ kingdom kingdom basilei<a, -aj, h[basilei<a, -aj, h[ writing, Scripture writing, Scripture grafh<, -h?j, h[grafh<, -h?j, h[

50. Chapter 5 Vocabulary I raise up I raise up e]gei<rwe]gei<rw assembly, church assembly, church e]kklhsi<a, -aj, h[e]kklhsi<a, -aj, h[ work work e@rgon, -ou, to<e@rgon, -ou, to< disciple disciple maqhth<j, -ou, o[maqhth<j, -ou, o[ hour hour w!ra, -aj, h[w!ra, -aj, h[

51. Chapter 6 Vocabulary from (Gen.) from (Gen.) a]po< a]po< through (Gen.) through (Gen.) dia< dia< on account of (Acc.) on account of (Acc.) dia< dia< into (Acc.) into (Acc.) ei]j ei]j

52. Chapter 6 Vocabulary out of (Gen.) out of (Gen.) e]k e]k in (Dat.) in (Dat.) e]n e]n on, over (Gen.) on, over (Gen.) e]pi< e]pi< on, at, against, on the basis of (Dat.) on, at, against, on the basis of (Dat.) epi< epi<

53. Chapter 6 Vocabulary on, to, toward, against (Acc.) on, to, toward, against (Acc.) e]pi< e]pi< down, against (Gen.) down, against (Gen.) kata< kata< according to (Acc.) according to (Acc.) kata< kata< with (+ Gen.) with (+ Gen.) meta< meta<

54. Chapter 6 Vocabulary after, behind (+ Acc.) after, behind (+ Acc.) meta< meta< about, concerning (+ Gen.) about, concerning (+ Gen.) peri< peri< around, near (+ Acc.) around, near (+ Acc.) peri< peri< to (+ Acc.) to (+ Acc.) pro<j pro<j

55. Chapter 7 Vocabulary good good a]gaqo<j, -h<, -o<n a]gaqo<j, -h<, -o<n holy holy a!gioj, -a, -on a!gioj, -a, -on righteous righteous di<kaioj, -a, -on di<kaioj, -a, -on I am I am ei]mi< ei]mi<

56. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Jewish, a Jew Jewish, a Jew ]Ioudai?oj, -a, -on ]Ioudai?oj, -a, -on great great me<gaj, mega<lh, me<ga me<gaj, mega<lh, me<ga dead dead nekro<j, -a<, -o<n nekro<j, -a<, -o<n no, not no, not ou], ou]k, ou]x ou], ou]k, ou]x

57. Chapter 7 Vocabulary first first prw?toj, -h, -on prw?toj, -h, -on voice voice fwnh<, -h?j, h[ fwnh<, -h?j, h[

58. Chapter 8 Vocabulary he/she/it he/she/it au]to<j, -h<, -o< au]to<j, -h<, -o< land, earth, region land, earth, region gh?, -h?j, h[ gh?, -h?j, h[ I, we I, we e]gw<, h[mei?j e]gw<, h[mei?j day day h[me<ra, -aj, h[ h[me<ra, -aj, h[

59. Chapter 8 Vocabulary so, then, therefore so, then, therefore ou#n ou#n crowd crowd o@xloj, -ou, o[ o@xloj, -ou, o[ from (with Gen.) from (with Gen.) para< para< beside, with (with Dat.) beside, with (with Dat.) para< para<

60. Chapter 8 Vocabulary alongside, beside (with Acc.) alongside, beside (with Acc.) para< para< that, so that that, so that o!ti o!ti you, you (pl.) you, you (pl.) su<, u[mei?j su<, u[mei?j by, at the hands of (with Gen.) by, at the hands of (with Gen.) u[po< u[po< under, below (with Acc.) under, below (with Acc.) u[po< u[po<

61. Chapter 9 Vocabulary I answer I answer a]pokri<nomai a]pokri<nomai I send I send a]poste<llw a]poste<llw I throw I throw ba<llw ba<llw I become I become gi<nomai gi<nomai

62. Chapter 9 Vocabulary I come in I come in ei]se<rxomai ei]se<rxomai I go out I go out e]ce<rxomai e]ce<rxomai I come/go I come/go e@rxomai e@rxomai I wish I wish qe<lw qe<lw

63. Chapter 9 Vocabulary thus, so thus, so ou!twj ou!twj I go I go poreu<omai poreu<omai

64. Chapter 10 Vocabulary life life zwh<, -h?j, h[ zwh<, -h?j, h[ death death qa<natoj, -ou, o[ qa<natoj, -ou, o[ I judge I judge kri<nw kri<nw I remain I remain me<nw me<nw only, alone only, alone mo<noj, -h, -on mo<noj, -h, -on

65. Chapter 10 Vocabulary now now nu?n nu?n and not, nor and not, nor ou]de< ou]de< Paul Paul Pau?loj Pau?loj I save I save s&zw s&zw then then to<te to<te