1. Making Maps With GIS Getting Started with GIS Chapter 7

2. Making Maps With GIS 7.1 The Parts of a Map 7.2 Choosing a Map Type 7.3 Designing the Map

3. What is a map? n “A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.” power line

4. Map function in GIS n Storage n Temporary communication n Intermediate check of data n Final report n n To be effective, must be correctly designed and constructed.

5. The Parts of a Map: Map Elements

6. The medium is the message PaperFilmMylarMonitorProjection Broadcast TV THE DISPLAY IS PART OF THE SYMBOLIZATION

7. Cartographic Elements n Medium n Figure n Ground n Reference information

8. Cartographic Elements (2) n Border n Neatline n Insets –Scale up –Scale down n Metadata e.g. index n Off-map references

9. Cartographic Elements (3) n Page coordinates n Ground elements n Graticule/Grid n North arrow

10. Cartographic Elements (4) n Figure n Point/Line/Area symbols n Text n Place Names n Title

11. Cartographic Elements (5) n Reference Information n Scale n Projection(s) n Sources (2) n Credits n Legend n Reliability

12. Mapping uncertainty

13. Map “impact”: Your preference? n A. Distribution of Employment by State 1996 B. USA: Employment Distribution 1996 B. USA: Employment Distribution 1996 C. U.S. Employment: 1996 Distribution n D. America at Work n E. Where the Jobs are Today

14. Text: Selection and Placement

15. Choosing Elements n Map research n Map compilation n Worksheet n Selection n Placement n Layout n Tools in GIS not ideal

16. ArcGIS Map Layout a. Love it, it does everything I want. e. Drives me insane, never use it.

17. Choosing a Map Type n Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic representation. n Not all GISs allow all types. n Most have a set of basic types n Depends heavily on the dimension of the data to be shown in the map figure.

18. Choosing the Wrong Type n Fairly common GIS error. n Due to lack of knowledge about cartographic options. n Can still have perfect symbolization. n Possibility of misinformation n Definite reduction in communication effectiveness.

19. Map Types: Point Data n Reference n Topographic n Dot n Picture Symbol n Graduated Symbol

20. Reference Map

21. Topographic Map

22. Dot Map

23. Picture Symbol Map

24. Graduated Symbol Map

25. Map Types: Line Data n Network n Flow n Isopleth n Reference

26. Origin of Flow Maps Harness, H. D. (1837). Atlas to Accompany the Second Report of the Railway Commissioners, Ireland. Dublin: Irish Railway Commission.

27. Flow Map

28. Map Types: Area Data n Choropleth n Area qualitative n Stepped surface n Hypsometric n Dasymetric n Reference

29. Area Qualitative Map

30. Stepped Statistical Surface

31. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

33. Map Types: Volume Data n [Isopleth, Stepped Surface, Hypsometric] n Gridded fishnet n Realistic perspective n Hill-shaded n Image map

34. Isoline Map Lines join points with equal value Often point to raster: interpolated Common routines are splines and IDW Kriging also useful TIN often created as intermediate

35. Fishnet or Gridded Perspective View Lines on X, Y axis with hidden Line elimination Also possible to use lines at 90 deg to line of sight Many variants Can use anaglyphic stereo

36. Realistic Perspective View

37. Hill-shaded Relief Map

38. Image Map

39. Anaglyphic stereo

40. Shuttered Stereo

41. Map Types: Time n Multiple views n Animation –Moving map –Fly thru –Fly by

42. Small multiples

43. Cartographic Animations http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/gig/v2/About/abImages/apps/sb_growth.gif http://www.aaronkoblin.com/work/faa/us.html

44. Spatialization: SOM Skupin, A. (2002) A Cartographic Approach to Visualizing Conference Abstracts. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 22 (1): 50 - 58.

45. Map Type and Dimensionality

46. Choosing Types n Check the data –Continuous –Discrete –Accuracy & Precision –Reliability n Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume) n Scale of Measurment (Nominal etc.) n GIS capability n May need to supplement GIS software

47. Data Scaling (Stevens) n Nominal (Name of a place) n Ordinal (Small, med., large town) n Interval (Arbitrary zero e.g. Sea Level) n Ratio (Absolute zero e.g. dollars, densities)

48. Example: Choropleth Mapping n Data should be AREA (e.g. States) n Data should not suffer from area effect. n Population? n Per capita Income? n Elevation? Temperature? n Boundaries unambiguous. n Areas non-overlapping.

49. Classification n Equal Interval n Natural groups n N-tiles n Equal or unequal? n Logarithmic? Linear? Discontinuous? n How many classes? n Non-overlapping, distinctive groups.

51. The Need for Design n To appear professional and avoid errors, GIS maps should reflect cartographic knowledge about map design. n A map has a visual grammar or structure that must be understood and used if the best map design is desired. n Cartographic convention (e.g. forests should be green).

52. Symbolization Errors with a GIS

53. Map Design n A GIS map is designed in a process called the design loop. n Good map design requires that map elements be placed in a balanced arrangement within the neat line.

54. The Design Loop n Create map layout as macro n Draw on screen (proof plot) n Look n Edit macro n Repeat until happy n Make final plot

55. Graphic Editors

56. Avenza: Map Publisher

57. ArcPress

58. Poster Session

59. Graphic Editor Software n Vector –Adobe Illustrator –CorelDraw –Freehand n Raster –Photoshop –CorelPaint –Fractal Paint

60. Map Design (2) n Visual balance is affected by: n the "weight" of the symbols n the visual hierarchy of the symbols and elements n the location of the elements with respect to each other and the visual center of the map.

61. Visual center 5% of height Landscape Portrait

62. Visual Layout Title Here Eye expects (1) balance and (2) allignment

63. Symbol “weight” Line weight Pattern ShadingHue

64. Color and Map Design n Color is a complex visual variable and in a GIS is specified by RGB or HSI values. n Red, Green, Blue are additive primaries. n Magenta, Cyan and Yellow are subtractive primaries. n Saturation and Intensity map better onto values than hue.

65. Dimensions of Color HUE SATURATION INTENSITY

66. Simultaneous Contrast

67. Color Primaries Subtractive color Additive color

68. Text placement Santa Barbara L a g o o n Path right PathDownPathDown

69. Scale and Generalization n Smaller scale means fewer features. n Smaller scale means smoother features. n Smaller scale means combining features. n Smaller scale means displacing features. n Often scales are mixed or overgeneralized.

70. Map Design and GIS n When a GIS map is the result of a complex analytical or modeling process, good design is essential for understanding. n The map is what distinguishes GIS as a different approach to the management of information, so extra care should be taken to improve the final maps that a GIS generates in a GIS task.

71. iClicker: A=Excellent E=Horrible

73. Coming next… n How to Pick a GIS.