1. THE PROCESS OF DEATH AND FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

2. The Process of Death Pathologist determines time of death Pretty accurate if body found within first 24 hours after death using the following indicators: –Algor mortis – cooling rate of body after death –Livor mortis – pooling of blood due to gravity after heart stops –Rigor mortis – rigidity of muscles after death

3. Algor Mortis Cooling rate of body Starting temp = 98.6 degrees Begins equalizing temp of environment Glaister Equation: used between 1 and 36 hours since death, most accurate within first 12h to determine time period since death based on body temperature Hours since death = 98.4°F – internal body temp 1.5

4. Must also consider: Temperature of environment Type and layers of clothing on body Wetness of clothing Air movement The greater the surface area to mass ratio – body cools faster – e.g. children, small adults

5. Livor Mortis “lividity” – discoloration; black and blue Pooling of blood due to gravity after heart stops Appears as purplish-red discoloration Indicates position of body at time of death Doesn’t occur in areas of body that are in contact with ground or constricted by other objects Begins within ½ h. after death and most evident within first 12 h. Used to determine if body has been moved after death

6. Livor Mortis

7. Rigor Mortis Upon death muscles relax, ATP breaks down and muscles become rigid Smaller muscles first (face, neck, jaw) Occurs within few hours of death and is gone within ~30 h – then body becomes limp Not 100% accurate - must consider: –Environmental temp –Dehydration –Muscle condition and their use before death

8. Rule of thumb in estimating time of death Temp of bodyStiffness of bodyTime since death WarmNot stiffNot dead more than 3 h WarmStiffDead between 3 and 8 h ColdStiffDead between 8 and 36 h coldNot stiffDead more than 36 h

9. Stages of Decomposition 1. Autolysis 2. Putrefaction 3. Black putrefaction 4. Butyric fermentation 5. Diagenesis

10. Autolysis 0-4 days appears fresh externally, but decomposing internally Cells self-destruct due to no oxygen, increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in pH, and wastes accumulating After a few days fluid-filled blisters appear and skin sloughs off

11. Putrefaction 4-10 days Soft tissues are destroyed by bacteria Bacteria give off gases - bloating Greenish skin Horrible smells

12. 12

13. Black Putrefaction 10-20 days Body is mass of fluids Collapses as gases escape Flesh creamy but exposed body parts black Horrible smells Fluids drain out of body

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15. Butyric Fermentation 20-50 days Cadaver is drying out Some flesh remains Butyric acid – cheesy odor

16. Adipocere formation Months to years after death Yellowish-white, greasy wax-like substance Forms as a result of the breakdown of fatty acids by a particular anaerobic bacterium Occurs when: –Burial in moist, alkaline soild –High body fat of corpse –Burial in a casket within a vault

17. 17 Saponification - “soap making”

18. Diagenesis 50-365 days Dry decay May mummify Bone is altered

19. Rough estimate – depends on temperature, moisture, scavengers, etc. #days to become skeletonized = 1285 avg temp °C So if a body is left in 20C (68F) it would take about 64 days for it to become skeletonized

20. Taxonomy Classification system Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

21. Palmetto Bug Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Blattodea Family Blattidae Genus Eurycotis Species Eurycotis floridana

22. Three ways Entomology is used in Forensics 1. Urban entomology – affecting man and his environment (e.g. termite damage to a building) 2. Stored products entomology – insects infecting food 3. Medical Entomology – insects that inhabit human remains

23. Medical Entomology Deals with necrophagous insects – eat carrion (carcass of dead, decaying animal) Dermestidae - family Insects determine PMI – postmortem interval – time that has elapsed since a person died Carrion beetle

25. Insects of Death Flies (Order Diptera) Beetles (Coleoptera) Some eat flesh, some eat other species of larvae (beetle or fly) on the flesh Some rural, some urban Some shade, some sun Some nocturnal (usually beetles)

26. Hister beetle Red-legged Ham beetle

27. Other uses of insects Presence of wounds – if maggots found on torso rather than in mouth, nose etc. Place suspect at crime scene – e.g. if murder suspect had chigger bites and chiggers found to only be in that one area Contraband trafficking may contain insects - can determine where it came from Insects on front of a car may indicate where a person has been Presence of drugs in a body may be detected by presence of drugs in maggots

28. Insect development depends on: Temperature Higher temp = faster growth Requires a certain temp range – not too hot, not too cold Growth rate in temp-time units = degree-days or degree- hours. Represent amt of heating/cooling needed to go from one stage to next (e.g. egg to second instar)