1. 课件十六： Asia, Africa and Latin America in Modern Time 近代的亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲 一、近代亚洲 二、 近代非洲 三、近代拉丁美洲

2. Indian Uprising (1857-58) 印度民族大起义 A rebellion of Bengal Sepoys( 印 度兵） against British rule in India. It was largely caused by Hindu opposition to British attempts to impose social reforms. The revolt spread quickly through central India, causing much bloodshed, and was repressed with great severity. It resulted in the Government of India Act (1858), by which the rule of India passed from the East Indian Company to the Crown.

3. Slave Trades The triangular slave trades between Africa, Europe, and the New World during the 16-18th centuries.

4. Horrible treatment of slaves 奴隶的悲惨境遇 The treatment of slaves was horrible. Many of the slaves were branded to show ownership, as well as shackled, starved, beaten, and for the women raped. They were shipped across the ocean in big ships, in tiny quarters without even enough room to sit up. Those who became sick on the voyage were thrown over board to preserve food costs. The slaves who stayed healthy were then auctioned off to the highest bidder.

5. Independence for Haiti 海地独立（ 1804 ） African slaves revolted ( 1791), and whole Hispaniola Island was declared independent(1804), but eastern part seceded in 1844 as the Dominica Republic.

6. Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) 杜桑 · 卢维杜尔 Haitian general and statesman. An African slave, he joined the slave revolt against French (1791) and made himself the ruler of Haiti(1801), but was taken prisoner and died in France.

7. Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) 西门 · 玻利瓦尔 Venezuela soldier and statesman. During the nine years fighting (1813-22) he liberated Venezuela, New Granada (Columbia), and Ecuador from Spanish rule, uniting the first two as Great Columbia(1819) under his presidency, and adding Ecuador(1822). With San Martin and Sucre, he liberated Peru and upper Peru in 1824(Bolivia), but failed to achieve a union of these countries in one confederation.

8. San Martin (1778-1850) 圣马丁 Argentinian general and politician. He fought as a general in struggle for for independence of Argentina(1814-16), and led across the Andes the army which liberated Chile(1817) and Peru (1821) from Spanish rule. As Protector of Peru (1821-22), he abolish slavery. He retired in favour of Bolivar.

9. San Martin met with Bolivar 神马丁与玻利瓦尔会面 （ 1822 ） a. On July 26, 1822 San Martin interviews with Simon Bolivar in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. There they meet both liberators of South America, the one of the north and the one of the south. They talk privily by more than four hours. San Martin returns to Lima the night of the 26.