1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Flat World idea is a myth!

3. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

5. New Weapons Technology

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

7. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.

8. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

9. Horrible History: Christopher Columbus

10. Columbus’ Four Voyages

11. Realization of a “New World”
“In passed days I wrote very fully to you of my return from new countries, which have been found and explored with the ships, at the cost and by the command of this Most Serene King of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a new world, because none of these countries were known to our ancestors and all who hear about them they will be entirely new. For the opinion of the ancients was, that the greater part of the world beyond the equinoctial line to the south was not land, but only sea, which they have called the Atlantic; and even if they have affirmed that any continent is there, they have given many reasons for denying it is inhabited. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth. My last voyage has proved it, for I have found a continent in that southern part; full of animals and more populous than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us.”
-Amerigo Vespucci, 1503

12. Other Voyages of Exploration

13. Crash Course, 15th and 16th century mariners

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. Maya

17. Aztec

18. Inca

19. Horrible Histories: Incas

20. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Hernan Cortez
Montezuma II

21. How was conquest achieved?
Disease
Technology/warfare strategies
Alliances
End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome.
Accidental conqueror theory: Jared Diamond

22. How was conquest achieved?
Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead
Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

23. Technology

24. Division among the people

25. End of the world predicted

26. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

27. Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1533)
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

28. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

29. European Empires in the Americas

30. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

31. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

32. Lets play… New World or Old World!
Ready?

33. Tomato: New World or Old World?
New world! Europeans resisted eating them at first for fear that they were poisonous!

34. Pigs: New World or Old World?
Old world! Pigs were first brought to South America in the 16th century, but Brazil now has the world’s third highest pig population!

35. Potato: New World or Old World?
New world! They became one of the most important foods in Europe after their import!

36. Coffee: New World or Old World?
Old World! Originally from Africa, Coffee was not brought to the new world since the 17th century.

37. Sugar Cane: New World or Old World?
Old World! Originally from Asia, sugar was brought to the new world in the 18th century.

38. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

39. But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize.
However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

40. Treasures from the Americas!

41. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

42. Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans.
Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

43. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

44. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

45. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

46. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

47. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

48. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

49. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

50. Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands

51. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

52. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

53. New Colonial Rivals

54. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease and slavery.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]
Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.

55. 5. New Patterns of World Trade