1. Depleted Uranium and attacks to Jugoslavia and Iraq Massimo Zucchetti Politecnico di Torino

3.  7000 missions, of which 2300 bombings, In total 20000 flights.  21700 t du explosives, with 2900 bombs  15 - 30 tons of Depleted Uranium Some data about the NATO attack to Jugoslavia

4. Civil victims: 2500 killed people, more than 6000 wounded Military victims: 676 jugoslavian soldiers died Immediate consequences In total: 995 objectives (mostly civil ones) attacked. Material damages - 77 industries, 39 power plants, 16 refineries e chemical plants; - 61 bridges, 10 stations, 7 airports; - 120 hospitals; - 320 primary schools, 115 secondary schools, 6 universities; - 24 monastries, 33 churches, 16 monuments, 25 city centers. Material damages - 77 industries, 39 power plants, 16 refineries e chemical plants; - 61 bridges, 10 stations, 7 airports; - 120 hospitals; - 320 primary schools, 115 secondary schools, 6 universities; - 24 monastries, 33 churches, 16 monuments, 25 city centers.

5. PANCEVO Petrochemical, Refinery, Fertilizers

7. WAS IT A CHEMICAL WAR ?

8. RELEASED CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Ethilene cloride (EDC): 21000 t Mercury and its composites: 8 t Burned oil: 80000 t Ammonia: 250 t

9. Toxic plume – Deadly concentration after one hour

10. Toxic plume – Toxic concentration after three hours

18. Ash: 1st day MAC = 5*10e-5 g/m3 Ash: 1st day MAC = 5*10e-5 g/m3 Toxic plume Ash concentration after 1 day Toxic plume Ash concentration after 1 day

19. Ash: 3rd day Toxic plume Ash concentration after 3 days Toxic plume Ash concentration after 3 days

20. Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo (a) piren: 1st day Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo (a) piren: 1st day Toxic plume after 1 day

21. Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo (a) piren: 3dr day Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzo (a) piren: 3dr day Toxic plume after 3 days

22. Consequences  Rise of tumors in jugoslavian population exposed to bombings  Rise of some special kind of tumors (Hodgkin lymphoma) in the italian soldiers occuping the Kosovo region: 173 dead until now, and a thousand of ill people

23. Children Leukaemias in Bosnia Association “The Heart of cancer-ill children in Bosnia Erzegovina Federation” (“Srce za djecu koja boluju od raka u FBiH”). The association has been founded in Sarajevo in April 2003. After the 95 war the number of cancer-ill children has almost doubled The peak has been in the 2000-2004 period Association “The Heart of cancer-ill children in Bosnia Erzegovina Federation” (“Srce za djecu koja boluju od raka u FBiH”). The association has been founded in Sarajevo in April 2003. After the 95 war the number of cancer-ill children has almost doubled The peak has been in the 2000-2004 period

24. Children Leukaemias in Bosnia

28. Depleted Uranium  Depleted Uranium is a nuclear material known since the forties  It has been used in the Gulf War (1991), in the Balkans (Bosnia 1995 e Kosovo 1999), in Afghanistan e again in Iraq in 2003.  DU is mainly composed by U-238, it is a radioactive material with extremely long half- life, and it is an  emitter.

29. DU HAZARDS  DU is known to be dangerous since the fifties, when ihalation of DU dust caused illness in workers of the nuclear industry, and in particular of fuel fabrication plants  Pathologies caused by DU are essentially tumors; in particular, to lymph-nodes (Hodgkin and Non-hodgkin lymphomas), leukaemia, lung tumors

30. USE OF DU  Du has been used for military purposes, in order to increase the weight of bullets and in armours.  The greatest attack has been that to Iraq, both in 1991 and in 2003.

31. IRAQ AND DEPLETED URANIUM

32. FABRICATION OF DEPLETED URANIUM (DU) Nuclear fuel cycle: Uranium enrichment process Depleted uranium Enriched uranium DU bulletsFuel for nuclear power plants

33. DEPLETED URANIUM CHARACTERISTICS x MILITARY USE LOW COST 2 $/Kg NUCLEAR INDUSTRY SCRAP WIDE AVAILABILITY HIGH DENSITY (One liter = 19 kg) PYROPHORIC SELF-SHARPENING PROPERTIES RADIOACTIVITY

34. 30 mm BULLETS: AIRPLANE A-10 Warthog e 120 mm bullets and armour for M1(A1 e A2) tanks MILITARY USE OF DU

35. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A DU BULLET IMPACTS ON TARGET? TARGET DISTRUCTION FIRE: OXIDATION AND PULVERIZATION ATMOSPHERICAL DISPERSION DEPOSIT TO SOIL: EVEN AT LONG DISTANCE RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

37. HEALTH EFFECTS OF DU INHALATION TUMORS AND GENETIC EFFECTS CHEMICAL TOXICITY RADIOLOGICAL TOXICITY: LATE EFFECTS

38. Principle ZERO: Look for alternative practices which do not imply the use of ionising radiation to obtain the same result or a result sufficient for the purpose. Principle ZERO: Look for alternative practices which do not imply the use of ionising radiation to obtain the same result or a result sufficient for the purpose. TUNGSTEN (NON RADIOACTIVE) HAS THE SAME USE OF DU HOWEVER IT COSTS 200 $/KG (INSTEAD OF 2) TUNGSTEN (NON RADIOACTIVE) HAS THE SAME USE OF DU HOWEVER IT COSTS 200 $/KG (INSTEAD OF 2)

39. According to these principle: IF civil legislation based upon radioprotection principles was applied to military use of depleted uranium THEN this practice would not be authorised, i.e., unlawful. According to these principle: IF civil legislation based upon radioprotection principles was applied to military use of depleted uranium THEN this practice would not be authorised, i.e., unlawful.

41. Tumors in Baghdad and other provinces in 1989 and 1994

43. Background Radioactivity NATURAL BACKGROUND NATURAL BACKGROUND DU CONTAMINATION

44. If we consider the million of deaths in Iraq in the nineties Some thousands (tumors and malformations) are due to DU If we consider the million of deaths in Iraq in the nineties Some thousands (tumors and malformations) are due to DU In the next 70 years: Total tumors: 10.000-20.000 In the next 70 years: Total tumors: 10.000-20.000

45.  What happened to epidemiological data after the destructions of the 2003 war?  During the 2003 war, Iraqi cities have suffered wide destructions, and so hospitals, research institutions, etc..  Invaders wanted everything to be destroyed and forgotten….

46. Epidemiologists worked heroically to maintain this database through the darkest days of 2003. Dr Ahmed, an epidemiologist working with the cancer board, remembers, “We moved into the hospital in the first days after the war, when no-one else was working, and managed to save all our data. Everything was kept safe…and not destroyed by fire and looting.” Epidemiologists worked heroically to maintain this database through the darkest days of 2003. Dr Ahmed, an epidemiologist working with the cancer board, remembers, “We moved into the hospital in the first days after the war, when no-one else was working, and managed to save all our data. Everything was kept safe…and not destroyed by fire and looting.”

47. Data of the Tumors Register  Data of the tumors register are quite clear.  Tumors haves shown, in the period 1989-1999, an increment of 5-7 times  The highest rise has been for leukaemias  Geographically, it is clear the correlation with zones where war has taken place (south of the Country), while the data for the north of the country are normal.

48. Tumor forecasts  On the base of these data, the forecasts of tumor cases in Iraq in the next years are tremendous  Iraq is full of chemical and radioactive pollutants  DU is just one of the causes of this phenomenon

49. CONCLUSION  It is important to gather data and researches in the field of DU and of the effects of the US “new wars” on man and environment  It is necessary to show that modern new weapons, instead of being “surgical”, produce unacceptable damages.  Effects of the US and NATO “new wars” on man and environment must be shown without reticence

51. THANKS FOR ATTENTION!  massimo.zucchetti@polito.it  http://staff.polito.it/massimo.zucchetti/ http://staff.polito.it/massimo.zucchetti/

52. MALFORMATIONS IN CHILDREN OF IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN AND US ARMY VETERANS MALFORMATIONS IN CHILDREN OF IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN AND US ARMY VETERANS

100. Thanks for your attention, Massimo Thanks for your attention, Massimo