1. Lecture 19 – Psyco 350, B1 Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown

2. Outline History & Autobiographical Background Living-in-History Project Theoretical Implications Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 2

3. The Living-in-History Project Aim: Understand when & why historical events & autobiographical memory become intertwined Indentify “Generation 0” –Which experiences incorporated into a group’s identity? Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 3

4. Two Assumptions & An Implication Life-altering events, landmark events, spawn “lifetime periods.” Public events can have a life-altering effect.  Public events might spawn Historically- Defined Autobiographical Periods (H-DAPs).

5. Empirical Questions Do H-DAPs exist? If so, where, when, & why?

6. Outline H-DAPs – Their Origins –1 Method, 18 Samples, 9 Claims H-DAPs – Their Implications

7. Method

8. Method – Phase 1 Materials: –20 neutral cue words: automobile, bag, ball, book, box, bread, chair, coat, dog, pencil, piano, pill, radio, river, snow, spoon, stone, street, tree, window Task: – recall an autobiographical event related to cue word specific at least one week old –write brief description on index card

9. Method – Phase 2 Task: – estimate when (month & year) each event occurred. Verbal Protocol: – Ps thought aloud while generating dates

10. cue word: pill  “I took a Bayer’s pill to relieve the pain in my tooth.”  “I remember this one. This was…senior year. Beginning of senior year of 2003. Um…It was fall but it was middle of fall. I think it was October 2003. Yeah, I remember that.”

11. Rationale

12. Word-cue Task: representative sampling of AM Event-dating Protocols: dates typically “reconstructed” contents reflect organization If H-DAP s exist, they should be mentioned in the protocols.

13. Rationale If H-DAP s exist, they should be mentioned in the protocols, yielding … A strong Living-in-History (LiH) Effect* *frequent mention of H-DAPs in the dating protocols

14. 18 Samples from 11 Countries Sample#AgeTest Date(s) 1 Sarajevo, Bosnia27247/04; 10/04 2 Sarajevo, Bosnia23229/06 3 Sarajevo, Bosnia25379/06 4 Podgorica, Montenegro25237/04; 10/04 5 Belgrade, Serbia25 2/05 6 NYC, NY, USA23252/05 7 Ann Arbor, MI, USA24236/05; 9/05 8 Edmonton, AB, Canada27239/04 – 1/05 9 Jerusalem, Israel28245/05 – 6/05 10 Aalborg, Denmark26233/05 – 4/05 11 Izmit, Turkey27213/06 12 Ankara, Turkey24223/06; 10/06 13 Moscow, Russia263912/07 14Beirut, Lebanon 235611/08 – 3/09 15Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 215911/08 – 3/09 16Aalborg, Denmark 36803/06 17Netherlands 21823/07 18Edmonton, AB, Canada 26833/07

15. 18 Samples from 11 Countries Sample#AgeTest Date(s) 1 Sarajevo, Bosnia27247/04; 10/04 2 Sarajevo, Bosnia23229/06 3 Sarajevo, Bosnia25379/06 4 Podgorica, Montenegro25237/04; 10/04 5 Belgrade, Serbia25 2/05 6 NYC, NY, USA23252/05 7 Ann Arbor, MI, USA24236/05; 9/05 8 Edmonton, AB, Canada27239/04 – 1/05 9 Jerusalem, Israel28245/05 – 6/05 10 Aalborg, Denmark26233/05 – 4/05 11 Izmit, Turkey27213/06 12 Ankara, Turkey24223/06; 10/06 13 Moscow, Russia263912/07 14Beirut, Lebanon 235611/08 – 3/09 15Bekaa Valley, Lebanon 215911/08 – 3/09 16Aalborg, Denmark 36803/06 17Netherlands 21823/07 18Edmonton, AB, Canada 26833/07

16. Protocol Analysis

17. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

18. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

19. Example Protocol: Personal –cue word: box –– – “My siblings and I took the large box from our new washer and dryer and took turns tipping ourselves over inside.” –– –“I honestly don’t remember how old I was but I know it was in my old house and we moved there when I was 4 so I was probably at least 5. So I’d say 1988 and I have no idea what month it was. Ah, I think we would have been playing outside if it was summer so I’d probably say like November.”

20. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

21. Example Protocol: Political/Conflict cue word: pencil  “ I was collecting fancy pencils and I was surprised when my cousin sent me a nice one in a letter.”  “ 1993 or 1994 because it was during the war and that’s approximately how old I was, it wasn’t 92’ for sure. Why? Because it was in the middle of the war but I don’t know if it was 93’ or 94’.”

22. Protocol Coding – 3 Categories Justified Responses: Personal/Generic Political/Conflict-related Pop Culture/Sports/Weather

23. Example Protocol: Pop/Sports/Weather –cue word: spoon –– – “I practiced bending the spoon.” –– – “I think I was doing that when I was watching The Matrix movie and The Matrix came out some years ago but when? It’s all mixed up…let’s say 3 years ago, 2002.II watched it, I think it was winter. February, 2002.”

24. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 24 9 Claims

25. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 25 Claim #1 H-DAPs are the exception rather than the rule. LiH Effect is rare.

26. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 26 Claim #1: H-DAPs are the Exception 0%

27. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 27 Claim #2 Intense prolong conflict produce H-DAPs. LiH Effect is present in samples from war-torn regions.

28. The Balkans: Background 1991: Croatia & Slovenia declare independence 1991 – 1995: Civil war in Croatia 1992: BH declares independence 1992 – 1995: Civil war in BH –est. 200,000 fatalities 1999: NATO air war (9 weeks) against Serbia (& Montenegro) –est. 3,000 fatalities

29. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 29 Claim #2: Intense, prolong conflict produces H-DAPs

30. Background Civil War – 1975-1990 –150,000 deaths –900,000 displaced 1982 Israeli Invasion –18,000 deaths –4 month Siege of Beirut 2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict

31. Claim #2: Intense, prolong conflict produces H-DAPs

32. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 32 Claim #3 H-DAP references temporally clustered. LiH Effect mirrors duration & intensity of events that produced the H-DAP.

33. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 33 Claim #3: H-DAP references temporally clustered War Years – 1992-1995 Worst Year: 1993

34. Claim #3: H-DAP references temporally clustered Civil War– 1975-1990 Israeli Invasion – 1982 – 1985; Siege of Beirut:1982 Israel-Hezbollah War: 2006

35. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 35 Claim #4 Major natural disasters spawn H-DAPs. LiH Effect is present in samples from affected region.

36. Background: Izmit, Turkey Location: NW Turkey Population:  2.5 million Earthquake: Date: August, 17, 1999 Strength: 7.4 Fatalities:  20,000 Homeless:  600,000

37. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 37 Claim #4: Natural disasters spawn H-DAPs

38. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 38 Claim #5 Conflict creates H-DAPs in children, teenagers, & young adults LiH Effect weaker for people who were children during period of conflict.

39. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 39 Claim #5: Conflict creates H-DAPs in children, teenagers, & young adults

40. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 40 Claim #6: LiH Effect weaker for people who were children during period of conflict % of Justified Responses YoBAll Years‘92-’95 1969 1981 1984 19.185% 24.183% 17.251%

41. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 41 Claim #6 H-DAP formation is intensity graded. LiH Effect reflects local intensity of H-DAP creating historical events & natural disasters.

42. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 42 Claim #6: LiH Effect reflect intensity of H-DAP spawning conflict event(s)

43. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 43 Claim #6: Intensity

44. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 44 Claim #6: LiH Effect reflect intensity of H-DAP spawn natural disasters

45. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 45 Claim #7 Political upheaval does NOT create H-DAPs. End of Communism failed to produce robust LiH Effects.

46. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 46 Claim #7: End of Communism failed to produce a robust LiH Effect in Yugoslavia. 1991 – Yugoslavia begins to dissolve 1999 – NATO war 2003 – Serbia & Montenegro state declared 2006 – Montenegro becomes independent

47. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 47 Claim #7: End of Communism failed to produce a robust LiH Effect in Russia. 1991 – End of Soviet Union 5% H-DAP references only half deal w/ end of Communism

48. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 48 Claim #8 Terrorism does NOT create H-DAPs. LiH Effects absent regardless of whether attacks were chronic (Israel) or exceptional (USA)

49. Israel: Background 1987 – 1993: First Intifada 1993 – 1994: Oslo Accord; birth of PA 1995: Rabin assassinated 2000 – 2006: Second Intifada –Israeli fatalities: est. 1,000 –Palestinian fatalities: est. 3,000.

50. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 50 Claim #8: Chronic terrorism does NOT spawn H-DAPs. 1987-1993: First Intifada 2000 - 2003: Second Intifada

51. USA: Background 1999: Clinton impeached 2000: Bush vs. Gore 2001: 9/11 –aprox. 3,000 fatalities 2001– present: War in Afghanistan –aprox. 1,050 U.S fatalities 2003 – present: War in Iraq –aprox. 4,400 U.S fatalities –Iraqi fatalities > 100,000 2004: Bush vs. Kerry 2005: Hurricane Katrina

52. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 52 Claim #8: Extraordinary terrorist attacks do NOT spawn H-DAPs. 2001 – WTC Attacks 2001 to present – Afghan War 2003 to present – Iraq War

53. Summary Sample Political/Conflict protocols Original Bosnia Younger Bosnia Older Bosnia 24.1% 17.2% 19.1% Izmit, Turkey 12.9% Belgrade, Serbia 5.5% Podgorica, Montenegro 4.1% NYC, NY, USA < 1.0% Jerusalem, Israel < 1.0% Edmonton, AB, CND < 1.0% Ann Arbor, MI, USA 0.0 Aalborg, Denmark 0.0 Ankara, Turkey 0.0 Terrorism failed to produce H-DAPs.

54. Summary Sample Political/Conflict protocols Original Bosnia Younger Bosnia Older Bosnia 24.1% 17.2% 19.1% Izmit, Turkey 12.9% Belgrade, Serbia 5.5% Podgorica, Montenegro 4.1% NYC, NY, USA < 1.0% Jerusalem, Israel < 1.0% Edmonton, AB, CND < 1.0% Ann Arbor, MI, USA 0.0 Aalborg, Denmark 0.0 Ankara, Turkey 0.0 9/11 & NYC Undeniable emotional & political impact Limited long-term impact on “way of life”

55. Summary Sample Political/Conflict protocols Original Bosnia Younger Bosnia Older Bosnia 24.1% 17.2% 19.1% Izmit, Turkey 12.9% Belgrade, Serbia 5.5% Podgorica, Montenegro 4.1% NYC, NY, USA < 1.0% Jerusalem, Israel < 1.0% Edmonton, AB, CND < 1.0% Ann Arbor, MI, USA 0.0 Aalborg, Denmark 0.0 Ankara, Turkey 0.0 Conflict in Israel Security issues are a constant. Part of a long-term way of life.

56. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 56 Claim #9: Once formed, H-DAPs last a lifetime. Three WWII generation Samples: Denmark Dutch (immigrated to Canada Canadians

57. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 57 Temporal Distribution – WWII Generation

58. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 58 Some Background ( WWII: 1939 – 1945) Canada: entered war – Sept, 1939 Spring, 1940: Denmark & the Netherlands rapidly overcome by the Germans Period of Occupation: –Netherlands: May, 1940 to May, 1945 –Denmark: April, 1940 to May, 1945 Occupation hasher in Netherlands

59. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 59 Dutch Immigrants – WWII Generation Political/Group-Conflict = 12.9 % # justified dates = 247 data collection: 3/07

60. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 60 Danes – WWII Generation Political/Group-Conflict = 10.7 % # justified dates = 345 data collection: 3/07

61. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 61 Canadians – WWII Generation Political/Group-Conflict = 4.5 % # justified dates = 309 data collection: 3/07

62. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 62 Study 2-Summary H-DAP References as % of Justified Response All Years’37-47’ NL12.9%45.4% DK10.7%38.4% CND4.5%19.3%

63. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 63 When do people refer to public periods/events to date personals events? Only when public events change the fabric of daily life, for a population, for an extended period of time. Fabric of Daily Life: dwelling, occupation/education, social network, location, consumption habits/opportunities

64. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 64 Fabric of Daily Life (FoDL) Example: Change of Residence Prototypical landmark event Some Continuity –self –primary relationships –occupation, interests, goals Much Change – material circumstances –locations –social network –consumption habits –etc.

65. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 65 FoDL Are dating protocols sensitive to FoDL changes? General Problems: FoDL changes –Idiosyncratic –asynchronous –graded Less so for our Dutch immigrants –immigrated to CND in late 40’s to 50’s

66. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 66 Dutch Immigrants – WWII Generation Political/Group-Conflict = 12.9 % # justified dates = 247 data collection: 3/07

67. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 67 Dutch Immigrants – WWII Generation Political/Group-Conflict = 12.9 % Immigration = 9.3% # justified dates = 247 data collection: 3/07

68. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 68 Dutch Immigrant Study WWII  H-DAP Immigration  identifiable personal period boundary Periodization reflects changes in FoBL –LiH Effect – externally imposed changes –Immigration Effect – self imposed changes

69. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 69 A Closing Question Are historical transitions different from personal ones? peace  war  reconstruction high school  college  1 st job

70. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 70 Conclusion The historical and the personal become intertwined, only when … public events change the fabric of daily life, for a population, for an extended period of time.

71. Psyco 350 Lec #19– Slide 71 Conclusion 1.LiH Effect – evidences for the existence of H- DAPs. 2.H-DAPs formed when public events change the fabric of daily life, for a population, for an extended period of time.