1. Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

2. Emerging Terrorist Environments
Chapter 9
Emerging Terrorist Environments
Gender-Selective Political Violence & Criminal Dissident Terrorism

3. Gender-Selected and Criminal Dissident Terrorism

4. Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence
Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
During conflict and unrest.
Elimination of potential fighters.
Cases:
Armenian genocide.
Anfal campaign.
Rwandan genocide.
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

5. Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence (continued)
Cultural Repression and Violence Against Women
Women as second-class citizens.
Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia.
Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
Violent cultural repression of women.
Case: Honor killings.
Case: Female infanticide.
Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).
Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.

6. Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence (continued)
Terrorism Against Women
State terrorism against women.
Campaigns of conquest during wartime.
Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”
Dissident terrorism against women.
By insurgents or paramilitaries.
Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990’s.

7. Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence (continued)
Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
No collective response until late 20th century.
1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

8. Criminal Dissident Terrorism
The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.
Common characteristics:
Secretive.
Antisocial.
Underground.
Smuggling and “special-order” goods.
Selling to the highest bidder.
Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.

9. Criminal Dissident Terrorism (continued)
Traditional Criminal Enterprises
Motivated by sheer profit.
Politically passive when left alone.
Politically violent when challenged by governments.
Cases:
Chinese Triads.
Japanese Yakuza.
American La Cosa Nostra.
Russian Mafia.
Italian Mafia.

10. Criminal Dissident Terrorism (continued)
The Logic of Narco-Terrorism
“The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”
Drug-related violence.
Latin American narcotrafficantes.

11. Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
Asia
Golden Crescent
Golden Triangle.
Europe
Italian and Russian organized crime.
The “Balkan Route.”
Latin America
Drug cartels.
Cases: Colombia. Mexico. Peru.