1. Background and Overview
UN Peacekeeping
and
Peace Operations
Background and Overview

2. Current Views on Peacekeeping
United Nations peacekeeping is a key instrument of Member States in support of the maintenance of international peace and security.
Secretary General Ban ki-Moon, Dec 2011
I also appreciate its incredible growth, both in size and in the varied multi-dimensionality of the missions. Of course, this presents even greater challenges.
Hervé Ladsous, Under Secretary General
Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Dec 2011

3. UN System THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM Budgetary Control
Some Direct Control
Direct Control
General
Assembly
Security
Council
Secretary
General
Secretariat
High Commissioner for Refugees
UN Development Program
Office of Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
Department of Peace-Keeping Operations (DPKO)
Other UN Departments
This is the organizational chart for the UN, however, it is not a command and control as the military know it. For the organizations listed on the left, the General Assembly exercises control through its budgetary authority over UNHCR, UNDP, WFP, UNICEF, etc. The Secretary General has some control (guidance) but these organizations can operate with their own funds derived from government and private donors and operate independently. The Secretary General has direct control over the Offices/Departments listed directly below him.
The organizations to the left are found in most peacekeeping missions. The High Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Development Program, the World Food Program and others are often working in conflict zones where peacekeepers are deployed.
The Sec General takes direction from both the General Assembly (192 nations) and the Security Council (15 nations). The UNSG directs the various departments under his control. Key departments in peacekeeping are the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Administration .
World Food Program
Department of Field
Support
UN Children’s Fund
Other UN
Organizations

4. WATERSHED EVENTS Somalia Rwanda Bosnia-Herzegovina (Srebrenica)
……….Kosovo, East Timor & Iraq
THESE MISSIONS CAUSED A COMPLETE REVIEW OF UN PEACEKEEPING AND THE ROLE OF THE UN
These are key missions that defined the nature of peace ops in the last decade
Oliver article covers these fairly well. Added is Iraq because Iraq demonstrated the limitations on using the military for peace building.
The statement at the bottom was from a former UN Military Advisor to the UN Sec Gen – name MG Franklin van Kappen – Dutch
He made this statement in 1996

5. Evolution of UN Peacekeeping
First Generation - Traditional Peacekeeping ( )
Second Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping that included peace enforcement operations ( )
Third Generation - Expanded peacekeeping within the limits of the UN’s ability. More complex, smaller in size and focused on peace building. Generally this does not include peace enforcement (Chapter VII) operations ( )
Fourth Generation - Expanded peacekeeping, but the United Nations is taking on more peacbuilding activities. Lead Nations and Regional Organizations conducting peace enforcement operations.
Use if necessary. Goes over the evolution of peace ops. This comes from the Oliver reading

6. Traditional Peacekeeping 1948-1989
Focused on separation of forces engaged in inter state wars
Cease fires and peace agreements were common – usually under Chapter VI
Generally an observe and report mission with only use of force as self defense
Top right -photo of a United Nations Peacekeeper in UNEF I in Gaza 1956
Bottom left -A sentry of the Swedish contingent of UNEF looking out towards Israel across the Armistice Demarcation Line (marked by the posts and an oil drum) from the observation post at Camp Cesar.
UN missions did not solve conflict
These kinds of peacekeeping missions are still useful today (Cyprus, India-Pakistan, Middle East)

7. 2nd Generation Peacekeeping 1989-2001
After end of Cold War, UN peacekeeping began taking on more robust missions.
Peacekeepers were not trained and prepared to use force, although use of force was often authorized – Chapter VII
These kinds of missions caused the UN Secretary General to re-evaluate UN peacekeeping
Photo – left United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
United Nations armoured personnel carriers at the British battalion in Stari Vitez. May 1994.
Photo right - United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM)
A UNOSOM soldier from Turkey manning a lookout post near UNOSOM II military headquarters in Mogadishu. April 1993.
Missions
UNPROFOR - Bosnia
UNOSOM - Somalia
UNTAC – Cambodia

8. 4th Generation Peacekeeping: Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding
Peacekeepers establish security conditions so peacebuilding can begin
More robust mission, usually under Chapter VII
Requires integrated mission planning and all parts of the UN participate
Photo left - Peacekeepers Patrol Ivorian Town Hit by Post-Electoral Fighting
Moroccan officers of the UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) patrol Duékoué, a town in the western Moyen-Cavally region of Côte d'Ivoire, which has seen heavy fighting between military forces loyal to former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo and supporters of the internationally-recognized new president, Alassane Ouattara.
04 April 2011
Photo right MINUSTAH and IOM Relocate Haiti Camp Residents before Storm
A UN peacekeepers holds a child as her mother is helped down a relocation truck in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In preparation for Hurrican Tomas, the UN mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) have moved the residents of a tent camp, displaced since the January 2010 earthquake, to a more secure location.
04 November 2010
Mission must take a long term view focused on resolving the conflict

9. UN Peacekeeping - Historical Perspective
- First peacekeeping mission authorized by the Security Council started in June 1948.
- Between 1948 and 1988 there were 15 total missions.
- Since 1989 there have been 47 new missions.
Number of new missions established each year:
– – 2 –
- Currently there are 16 UN peacekeeping missions with a troop strength 98,695 (May 2012) with 117 nations providing military peacekeepers and a budget of $7.84 billion
This slides gives a historical perspective on UN peace operations. It clearly demonstrates the growth in peacekeeping as viewed by the international community.

10. Growth in UN Peacekeeping
This chart comes from the UN Peacekeeping website and shows the changes in troop strength in UN peacekeeping over the last 20 years.
The first peak is a result of peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Somalia and Cambodia. Due the problems with these missions, confidence went down the UN’s ability to conduct effective peacekeeping. Since then there has been a steady growth in the numbers of troops deployed.

11. RESOURCES – MONEY AND PEOPLE
This slides provides some information on resources provided to the UN for peacekeeping.
Top left slides shows top 10 financial contributors – note the U.S. number 1 at 27.14% of $7.6 billion
Bottom right provides the top 10 troop contributors the US stands at #56 on the list with 122 military and police in UN peacekeeping. (104 police and 18 military personnel)
Ask the question, do you think our contributions to peace ops will go up after the war ends in Afghanistan?

12. Current UN Peacekeeping
Current United Nations Peacekeeping Missions
Current UN Peacekeeping
Current slide indicating the 15 current UN peacekeeping missions and one peace building mission (UNAMA – Afghanistan). This slide is current as of December The newest mission established in July 2011 is United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).
Peace building is the international term for post combat operations – the two terms – peacebuilding and post conflict stabilization and reconstruction are generally synonymous. Stability operations is a broader term that might include peace building, but also includes actions toward prevention of violent conflict.
Note this does not include peace operations in Afghanistan (ISAF) and the Sinai (MFO) which are coalitions of the willing. The UN’s role in Afghanistan is solely peace building.
More information on each of these missions can be found at the following website:

13. Department of Peacekeeping Operations
Under Secretary
General for
Peacekeeping
Policy Evaluation and Training
Best Practices
Military Affairs
Military Planning
Service
Current Military
Operations
Force
Generation
Rule of Law
&
Security
Police Division
Mine Action
Judicial
DDR
Africa I
Africa II
Asia &
Middle East
Europe &
Latin America
Situation
Center
Beat Practices
Unit
UN Missions in the field

14. Brahimi Report The Way Ahead
The UN Secretary General assembled the best group of experts possible.
Comprehensive report released 21 August 2000.
56 recommendations
Addresses all aspects of peacekeeping – DPKO and the field
Excellent report and if adopted will enhance UN Peacekeeping
Implementation Report – Oct 2000
Report of Secretary General – June 2001
Brahimi Report received international praise
Biggest issue was funding

15. Created in the early 1990s to track lessons learned in Peacekeeping Operations.
Brahimi Report recommended that the Lessons Learned Unit be better integrated into the management of peace operations.
Best Practices unit now has a comprehensive website with many good reports and summaries.
The Peacekeeping Best Practices Section (PBPS) assists in the planning, conduct, management and support of peacekeeping operations by learning from experience, problem solving and transferring best practices in United Nations peacekeeping.
To this end, the Section undertakes a broad range of activities and work, including: (i) knowledge management; (ii) policy analysis and development; and (iii)lessons learned. The overall goal is to develop and support a culture of best practices in United Nations peacekeeping by helping to establish and develop the mechanisms and working habits to share knowledge. Policy & Lessons Learned
Through its activities and work programmes, the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section seeks to meet the following broad needs: i) to capture the knowledge gained by the United Nations in peacekeeping; ii) to disseminate best practices, at headquarters and in the field; and iii) to promote the adaption and use of best practices for the better
Best Practices Section seeks to: 1) to capture the knowledge gained by the United Nations in peacekeeping; 2) to disseminate best practices, at headquarters and in the field; and 3) to promote the adaptation and use of best practices

16. Moved under the Office of Operations
Created in April 1993 – based on complaints from the field that there was no one to report to after duty hours in New York
Peacekeeping operations became more complex in the 1990s required immediate guidance during critical situations.
Moved under the Office of Operations
Point of contact for all DPKO field missions
Monitors reports from the field, gathers information about missions from a variety of sources.
Acts as central office for crisis management
The Situation Centre was created in April 1993 as part of the UN Secretariat Information Management System, supporting the decision-making process and connecting civilian, military and police flows of information at the strategic level.
The need for the Situation Centre emerged as a result of the expansion of peacekeeping activities, and the evolution of its scope and goals. The objectives of present-day peacekeeping operations are not limited to monitoring lines of disengagement. They range from monitoring a situation to reviving civil society and re-building the infrastructure of a shattered state. The fact that peacekeeping missions have many elements - political, military, humanitarian, human rights, electoral, etc. - and involve a number of departments and agencies underscores the need for a consolidated flow of information. The Situation Centre has six main functions:
a) Point-of-Contact services. The Situation Centre acts as a point of contact at UN Headquarters for all DPKO field missions, and provides a 24-hour communication link between senior staff members at UN Headquarters, field missions, humanitarian organizations, and Member States through their diplomatic missions in New York. This is especially important during silent hours.
b) Monitoring. The Situation Centre monitors events in DPKO field missions and other areas of interest by all available means. In particular, it monitors any situation that is developing in such a way as to pose a potential threat to the security of UN personnel in peacekeeping operations.
c) Information gathering and reporting. The Situation Centre gathers information from the field, and via other sources of information such as news agencies, UN press releases, specialized periodicals, the Internet, etc. It receives daily reports from all peacekeeping missions and solicits further information when necessary. It provides daily situation reports to senior managers at UN Headquarters on all DPKO and some political and humanitarian missions. It provides senior managers with briefings on a routine and ad-hoc basis.
d) Notification of Casualty (NOTICAS). The Situation Centre is responsible for notifying Member States Permanent Mission of casualties or injuries to their nationals.
e) Crisis management. When there is a crisis in a field mission, the Situation Centre is responsible for initiating the crisis response from Headquarters, at the instruction of the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. The Situation Centre coordinates the work of a Crisis Response Cell and provides crisis room facilities in its Operations Room for the duration of the emergency.
f) Security for peacekeeping personnel in the field. The Chief of the Situation Centre is the DPKO Focal Point for Security. The Situation Centre, in cooperation with relevant offices and the field missions, conducts regular reviews of the missions’ security vulnerabilities.
The specific tasks of the Situation Centre include the following:
Provide point-of-contact services;
Maintain uninterrupted communications with all UN peacekeeping missions and be able to communicate with all other UN missions worldwide;
Solicit information from the field;
Collate and disseminate in a timely fashion raw information;
Develop, in coordination with UN Headquarters services, enhanced communications, data processing and multiple visual display facilities;
Prepare consolidated summaries;
Provide daily briefings to senior managers and ad-hoc briefings upon request;
Maintain constant situation displays and provide continuous event monitoring;
Provide reference materials (including maps, statistics, and basic political, military and economic information) via access to in-house and public databases;
Maintain a database for statistics on casualties and fatalities that occur in UN peacekeeping missions;
Monitor developing regional situations that could affect the security and safety of UN personnel, using all available external sources and UN information channels;
Provide crisis response capabilities in the event that a peacekeeping mission has to be implemented on short notice or a crisis occurs in the field;
Produce assessments of political, military and security trends that affect ongoing and potential peacekeeping operations, including research on relevant thematic issues;
Prepare weekly briefings to DPKO staff and Member States, as well as weekly updates on selected areas.

17. UN Principles and Guidelines (2008 doctrine – updated 2010)
THE EVOLUTION OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING
Principles: Consent of the parties, Impartiality, Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
PLANNING UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
Integrated Mission Planning – across the entire UN system
THE ART OF SUCCESSFUL MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION
Starting a new Mission
Supporting and Sustaining United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

18. Definitions Peacekeeping Peace Enforcement Involves the application of
A technique designed to preserve the peace Where fighting has halted and assist in the implementation of agreements achieved by peace makers. Usually under Chapter VI of the UN Charter.
Involves the application of
a range of coercive
measures, including the
use of military force.
Restore international
peace and security when
there is a threat to
international peace.
Usually under chapter VII
UN Peacekeeping: Principles and Guidelines, 2008 reviewed 2010

19. Definitions Peacebuilding
Peace Making
Peacebuilding
Measures to address conflict in progress and usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated settlement.
Involves a range of
measures targeted to
reduce the risk of
lapsing or relapsing
into conflict by
strengthening national
capacities at all levels
and lay the foundation
for sustainable peace
and development
UN Peacekeeping: Principles and Guidelines, 2008 reviewed 2010

20. Chapter VI vs Chapter VII
of UN Charter
PEACEKEEPING
CHAPTER VI
CONDUCTED BY THE UN
FUZZY AREA
CONSENT
PEACE ENFORCEMENT
CHAPTER VII
CONDUCTED BY LEAD NATION
OR REGIONAL ORGANIZATION
WAR
RESOURCES AND RISK

21. Spectrum of UN Peace and Security Activities
Conflict
A UN “Peacekeeping”
Operation
can be deployed
in any phase of
the UNs Spectrum of
Peace and Security
Activities
Conflict
Resolution
Post
Conflict
The boundaries between Conflict Prevention, Peacemaking,
Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and Peace Enforcement have
become increasingly blurred!
On-going
throughout

22. FUNDAMENTAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES for conducting UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
UN Doctrine
NEW
Consent
Impartiality
Non-use of Force except in self defense & defense of the mandate
New doctrine adds: Key Factors for Mission Success
Credibility
Legitimacy
Promotion of National and Local Ownership
OLD
Consent
Impartiality
Non-use of force except in self-defense

23. Variation in Command-Control-Coordination in Current Peacekeeping Operations
“Blue Helmet” Operation
UN-led: UN exercises “Command and Control” over a variety of components within a single mission. UN financed
Integrated Operations
UN and different organizations operate within a single, or joined chain of command
Coordinated Operations
UN and other organizations operate side-by-side under separate command structures in a coordinated fashion
Parallel Operations
UN is deployed alongside an other organizations’ force without formal coordination
Sequential Operations
UN precedes or follows a multi-national, regional or bi-lateral force
Hybrid
Two organizations jointly appoint mission leadership

24. Code of Conduct
Zero-tolerance policy laid out in Secretary-Generals Bulletin
High standards
Establishment of Conduct and Discipline Units
Professional investigative capacity
Mission Leadership and management issue
CDU now assigned to each Mission Headquarters

25. Force Enablers Not enough, not timely Engineering Units Aviation units
Lift and Attack Helicopters
Level 3 Hospitals
Communication / Communications Intercept units
Qualified Staff Officers and Military Observers

26. New Horizons for UN Peacekeeping 2009
Follow on report to Brahimi Report
Reason - the scale and complexity of peacekeeping today are mismatched with existing capabilities
Expand partnerships beyond DPKO
Some challenges to address:
Continue to support ceasefires and agreements betewen two or more parties
Support to existing national authorities
Support to post conflict peacebuilding
Provide security and protection in response to conflict
2nd Progress Report on New Horizon initiative was positive

27. KEY DOCUMENTS Peace Agreement Mandate (UN Security Council Resolution)
Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA)
Terms of Reference
Rules of Engagement (ROE)
Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs)
Note: These are living documents than need continuous management
This is an important slide – in peace operations documents guide the operational planning. These documents can change over time.
Peace Agreement – something like the Dayton Accords
Mandate –UN Security Council Resolution, A NATO resolution etc VERY IMPORTANT
Status of Forces or Status of Mission – both essentially the same. Each is negotiated and determines the role of American forces in a host country. SOFA when a host country has a government, SOMA when there is no host government but mission mandated by an international organziation
Terms of Reference could be part of peace agreement – Annex 1A of Dayton
MOAs and MOUs – both used interchangeably and are an agreement on some aspect of the operation, like who provides what, who pays for what

28. UN Peacekeeping 2011 Year in Review
Impressive people and good year – USYG Ladsous
121,591 Peacekeepers
$7.8 billion budget
114 contributing countries
16 Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding missions
2011 Report on UN Peacekeeping
Good year for UN peacekeeping, but with challenges
Several missions presented challenges - Côte d’Ivoire, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo
Still some shortages in critical items, specifically helicopter units
Protection of civilians has been relatively good

29. “Support for peace operations will remain for the foreseeable future one of the most important missions for many armed forces. Naval forces are expected to continue to play, at times, a major role in the success of such operations.”
Milan Vego, Professor U.S. Naval War College
“Evolution of International and UN Peacekeeping”, 2011, NWC 3008C