1. Comparison between Venice and Singapore

2. Similarities (superficial)
Early settlers were immigrants p. 88
-Venice: early settlers were refugees from Roman cities in the main land.
-Singapore: early settlers were immigrants from China, India, SEA, seeking a better life.
Scarcity of land (both are city states) similar urban planning? P.88-89
-Venice: buildings built close to one another. Each islet had their own market place and church
-Singapore: residential estates have all amenities: Market, places of worship, schools, etc.
Strategic geographical location: Sits at the crossroads of West-East route, hence led to rise as trading port.
-Venice was strategically located at the northern tip of the Adriatic Sea. Is a natural harbour as the lagoon shelters ships from storms. Led to Venice’s rise as a trading port p
-Singapore as strategically located along the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea.

3. Similarities
Social
-Cosmopolitan City-states (foreign talent + immigration) p. 98
-Multi-racial
Small population
- Enterprising, Skilled
Political
-Strong navy (deterrence)
-Diplomacy: Have to mediate between West and East. P
-Good leadership. Pragmatic leaders who came up with practical policies. P.93
-Existence of checks and balance to keep the government accountable. P. 96
-A Stake for everyone, opportunities for all: Citizens (Citizen Army)→ Mercenaries
Economic
-Anticipate change and staying relevant. Venice progressed with the ages.
-Trading hub
-Primary: Salt
-Secondary: Manufacture: glass, candles, scented soap, galleys p 103
-Tertiary: Financial hub (Banking etc. p. 104

4. Differences At least Venice had salt!
Singapore has a meritocracy. Venice operating through a balloting system – the best person MAY NOT get the job.

5. The Pope’s mercenary army – Swiss guards

6. Singapore’s mercenary army
Gurkhas from Nepal

7. Categories 1) Pol, Ec, Social (Causes + consequences)
2) Short term vs. long term (causes + consequences)
3) Internal vs. External (causes + consequences)