1. Leonardo da Vinci. Study of Human Proportion: The Vitruvian Man. c
Leonardo da Vinci. Study of Human Proportion: The Vitruvian Man. c Pen and ink drawing. 13-1/2 × 9-5/8 in. Cameraphoto Arte, Venice / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-1]
Leonardo da Vinci. Study of Human Proportion: The Vitruvian Man. c Pen and ink drawing. 13-1/2 × 9-5/8 in. Cameraphoto Arte, Venice / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-1]

2. Frank Gehry and Vlado Miluni´c
Frank Gehry and Vlado Miluni´c. The Rasin Building, also known as the Dancing House or “Ginger and Fred,” Prague, Czech Republic © Curva de Luz / Alamy. [Fig. 8-2]
Frank Gehry and Vlado Miluni´c. The Rasin Building, also known as the Dancing House or “Ginger and Fred,” Prague, Czech Republic © Curva de Luz / Alamy. [Fig. 8-2]

3. Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Mughal period, c. 1632–48
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Mughal period, c. 1632–48. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-3]
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Mughal period, c. 1632–48. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-3]

4. Enguerrand Quarton. Coronation of the Virgin. 1453–54. Panel painting
Enguerrand Quarton. Coronation of the Virgin. 1453–54. Panel painting. 72 × 86-5/8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-4]
Enguerrand Quarton. Coronation of the Virgin. 1453–54. Panel painting. 72 × 86-5/8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-4]

5. Some different varieties of asymmetrical balance. Line art. [Fig. 8-5]

6. Jan Vermeer. Woman Holding a Balance. c. 1664. Oil on canvas
Jan Vermeer. Woman Holding a Balance. c Oil on canvas. 15-7/8 × 14 in., framed: 24-3/4 × 23 × 3 in. Widener Collection. Photo: Richard Carafelli. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 8-6]
Jan Vermeer. Woman Holding a Balance. c Oil on canvas. 15-7/8 × 14 in., framed: 24-3/4 × 23 × 3 in. Widener Collection. Photo: Richard Carafelli. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 8-6]

7. Childe Hassam. Boston Common at Twilight. 1885–86. Oil on canvas
Childe Hassam. Boston Common at Twilight. 1885–86. Oil on canvas. 42 × 60 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Miss Maud E. Appleton Photograph © 2004 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. All Rights Reserved. [Fig. 8-7]
Childe Hassam. Boston Common at Twilight. 1885–86. Oil on canvas. 42 × 60 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Miss Maud E. Appleton Photograph © 2004 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. All Rights Reserved. [Fig. 8-7]

8. Ida Applebroog. Emetic Fields. 1989. Oil on canvas
Ida Applebroog. Emetic Fields Oil on canvas. 8 panels, 102 × 204-1/2 in. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York/ gift of Jean Lignel a-h. Courtesy Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, New York. [Fig. 8-8]
Ida Applebroog. Emetic Fields Oil on canvas. 8 panels, 102 × 204-1/2 in. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York/ gift of Jean Lignel a-h. Courtesy Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, New York. [Fig. 8-8]

9. Rose window, south transept, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1215
Rose window, south transept, Chartres Cathedral. c Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-9]
Rose window, south transept, Chartres Cathedral. c Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-9]

10. Mescalero Apache coiled basket. early 20th century
Mescalero Apache coiled basket. early 20th century. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona,Tucson. Photo: Jannelle Weakly. (26496-x-2). [Fig. 8-10]
Mescalero Apache coiled basket. early 20th century. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona,Tucson. Photo: Jannelle Weakly. (26496-x-2). [Fig. 8-10]

11. Anna Vallayer-Coster. Still Life with Lobster. 1781. Oil on canvas
Anna Vallayer-Coster. Still Life with Lobster Oil on canvas. 27-3/4 × 35-1/4 in. Toledo Museum of Art (Toledo, Ohio), Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, A. [Fig. 8-11]
Anna Vallayer-Coster. Still Life with Lobster Oil on canvas. 27-3/4 × 35-1/4 in. Toledo Museum of Art (Toledo, Ohio), Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey, A. [Fig. 8-11]

12. Georges de La Tour. Joseph the Carpenter. c. 1645. Oil on canvas
Georges de La Tour. Joseph the Carpenter. c Oil on canvas. 18-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-12]
Georges de La Tour. Joseph the Carpenter. c Oil on canvas. 18-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-12]

13. Anselm Kiefer. Parsifal I. 1973. Oil on paper. 127-7/8 × 86-1/2 in
Anselm Kiefer. Parsifal I Oil on paper /8 × 86-1/2 in. Tate, London / Art Resource, NY. Courtesy of the artist and Gagosian Gallery. [Fig. 8-13]
Anselm Kiefer. Parsifal I Oil on paper /8 × 86-1/2 in. Tate, London / Art Resource, NY. Courtesy of the artist and Gagosian Gallery. [Fig. 8-13]

14. Larry Poons. Orange Crush. 1963. Acrylic on canvas. 80 × 80 in
Larry Poons. Orange Crush Acrylic on canvas. 80 × 80 in. Albright-Knox Art Gallery / Art Resource, NY. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gift of Seymour H. Knox, Art © Larry Poons/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 8-14]
Larry Poons. Orange Crush Acrylic on canvas. 80 × 80 in. Albright-Knox Art Gallery / Art Resource, NY. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gift of Seymour H. Knox, Art © Larry Poons/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 8-14]

15. Diego Velázquez. Philip IV, King of Spain. 1652–53. Oil on canvas
Diego Velázquez. Philip IV, King of Spain. 1652–53. Oil on canvas. 17-1/2 × 14-3/4 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-15]
Diego Velázquez. Philip IV, King of Spain. 1652–53. Oil on canvas. 17-1/2 × 14-3/4 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-15]

16. Diego Velázquez. Portrait of Queen Mariana. c. 1656. Oil on canvas
Diego Velázquez. Portrait of Queen Mariana. c Oil on canvas. 18-3/8 × 17-1/8 in. Meadows Museum, SMU. Algur H. Meadows Collection. MM [Fig. 8-16]
Diego Velázquez. Portrait of Queen Mariana. c Oil on canvas. 18-3/8 × 17-1/8 in. Meadows Museum, SMU. Algur H. Meadows Collection. MM [Fig. 8-16]

17. Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor). 1656. Oil on canvas
Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3/4 in. × 9 ft. 3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-17]
Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3/4 in. × 9 ft. 3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-17]

18. Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), detail. 1656
Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), detail Oil on canvas. 138 × 276 cm. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-18]
Diego Velázquez. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), detail Oil on canvas. 138 × 276 cm. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-18]

19. Do-Ho Suh. Public Figures. 1998–99
Do-Ho Suh. Public Figures. 1998–99. Fiberglass/resin, steel pipes, pipe fittings. 10 × 7 × 9 ft. Courtesy of the Artist and Lehmann Maupin Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-19]
Do-Ho Suh. Public Figures. 1998–99. Fiberglass/resin, steel pipes, pipe fittings. 10 × 7 × 9 ft. Courtesy of the Artist and Lehmann Maupin Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-19]

20. Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Spoonbridge and Cherry. 1988
Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Spoonbridge and Cherry Stainless steel and aluminum painted with polyurethane enamel. 29 ft. 6 in. × 51 ft. 6 in. × 13 ft. 6 in. Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. Gift of Frederick R. Welsmen in honor of his parents, William and Mary Weisman, © Claes Oldenburg and Coosje Van Brugen. [Fig. 8-20]
Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Spoonbridge and Cherry Stainless steel and aluminum painted with polyurethane enamel. 29 ft. 6 in. × 51 ft. 6 in. × 13 ft. 6 in. Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. Gift of Frederick R. Welsmen in honor of his parents, William and Mary Weisman, © Claes Oldenburg and Coosje Van Brugen. [Fig. 8-20]

21. Hokusai. The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji. 1823–29. Color woodcut. 10 × 15 in. ©Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS. [Fig. 8-21]
Hokusai. The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji. 1823–29. Color woodcut. 10 × 15 in. ©Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS. [Fig. 8-21]

22. Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Untitled. 1991
Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Untitled Billboard, overall dimensions vary with installation. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. © The Felix Gonzalez-Torres Foundation. Courtesy of Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-22]
Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Untitled Billboard, overall dimensions vary with installation. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. © The Felix Gonzalez-Torres Foundation. Courtesy of Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-22]

23. Polyclitus. Doryphoros. 450 BCE. Marble. height 84 in
Polyclitus. Doryphoros. 450 BCE. Marble. height 84 in. Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-23]
Polyclitus. Doryphoros. 450 BCE. Marble. height 84 in. Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-23]

24. Parthenon. 447–438 BCE. Pentelic marble. 111 × 237 ft. at base
Parthenon. 447–438 BCE. Pentelic marble. 111 × 237 ft. at base. Studio Kontos Photostock. [Fig. 8-24]
Parthenon. 447–438 BCE. Pentelic marble. 111 × 237 ft. at base. Studio Kontos Photostock. [Fig. 8-24]

25. Judith F. Baca. La Memoria de Nuestra Tierra, preliminary drawing Acrylic on canvas. 9 × 23 ft. USC Student Topping Center. © 1997 Judith F. Baca. Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig. 8-25]
Judith F. Baca. La Memoria de Nuestra Tierra, preliminary drawing Acrylic on canvas. 9 × 23 ft. USC Student Topping Center. © 1997 Judith F. Baca. Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig. 8-25]

26. Judith F. Baca. La Memoria de Nuestra Tierra. 1996. Acrylic on canvas
Judith F. Baca. La Memoria de Nuestra Tierra Acrylic on canvas. 9 × 23 ft. USC Student Topping Center. © 1997 Judith F. Baca. Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig. 8-26]
Judith F. Baca. La Memoria de Nuestra Tierra Acrylic on canvas. 9 × 23 ft. USC Student Topping Center. © 1997 Judith F. Baca. Courtesy of the artist. Photo © SPARC, Venice, CA. [Fig. 8-26]

27. Jacob Lawrence. Barber Shop Gouache on paper. 21-1/8 × 29-3/8 in. The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey Photo Credit: Photography Incorporated, Toledo. © 2012 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation, Seattle/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 8-27]
Jacob Lawrence. Barber Shop Gouache on paper. 21-1/8 × 29-3/8 in. The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey Photo Credit: Photography Incorporated, Toledo. © 2012 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation, Seattle/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 8-27]

28. Auguste Rodin. Gates of Hell with Adam and Eve. 1880–1917. Bronze
Auguste Rodin. Gates of Hell with Adam and Eve. 1880–1917. Bronze /4 × 158 × 33-3/8 in. Stanford University Museum of Art. Photograph by Frank Wing. [Fig. 8-28]
Auguste Rodin. Gates of Hell with Adam and Eve. 1880–1917. Bronze /4 × 158 × 33-3/8 in. Stanford University Museum of Art. Photograph by Frank Wing. [Fig. 8-28]

29. Auguste Rodin. The Three Shades. 1881–86
Auguste Rodin. The Three Shades. 1881–86. Bronze Coubertin Foundry, posthumous cast authorized by Musée Rodin, /2 × 75-1/2 × 42 in. Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University. Gift of the B. Gerald Cantor Collections. [Fig. 8-29]
Auguste Rodin. The Three Shades. 1881–86. Bronze Coubertin Foundry, posthumous cast authorized by Musée Rodin, /2 × 75-1/2 × 42 in. Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University. Gift of the B. Gerald Cantor Collections. [Fig. 8-29]

30. Laylah Ali. Untitled. 2000. Gouache on paper. 13 × 19 in
Laylah Ali. Untitled Gouache on paper. 13 × 19 in. Courtesy Laylah Ali and 303 Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-30]
Laylah Ali. Untitled Gouache on paper. 13 × 19 in. Courtesy Laylah Ali and 303 Gallery, New York. [Fig. 8-30]

31. James Lavadour. The Seven Valleys and the Five Valleys. 1988
James Lavadour. The Seven Valleys and the Five Valleys Oil on canvas. 54 × 96 in. Collection of Ida Cole. Courtesy of the artist and PDX, Portland, OR. [Fig. 8-31]
James Lavadour. The Seven Valleys and the Five Valleys Oil on canvas. 54 × 96 in. Collection of Ida Cole. Courtesy of the artist and PDX, Portland, OR. [Fig. 8-31]

32. Louise Lawler. Pollock and Tureen. 1984. Cibachrome. 28 × 39 in
Louise Lawler. Pollock and Tureen Cibachrome. 28 × 39 in. Courtesy of the Artist and Metro Pictures. [Fig. 8-32]
Louise Lawler. Pollock and Tureen Cibachrome. 28 × 39 in. Courtesy of the Artist and Metro Pictures. [Fig. 8-32]

33. Las Vegas, Nevada. c. 1985. Steve Vidler/SuperStock. [Fig. 8-33]

34. Elizabeth Murray. Just in Time. 1981. Oil on canvas in two sections
Elizabeth Murray. Just in Time Oil on canvas in two sections. 106 × 97 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. Art © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris/Succession Marcel Duchamp. [Fig. 8-34]
Elizabeth Murray. Just in Time Oil on canvas in two sections. 106 × 97 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. Art © 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris/Succession Marcel Duchamp. [Fig. 8-34]

35. Claude Monet. The Railroad Bridge. 1874. Oil on canvas
Claude Monet. The Railroad Bridge Oil on canvas. 21-4/5 × 29-2/5 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-35]
Claude Monet. The Railroad Bridge Oil on canvas. 21-4/5 × 29-2/5 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 8-35]