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Urban Geography Spatial development of towns/citiesSpatial development of towns/cities Variations between citiesVariations between cities Variations within citiesVariations within cities
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Urbanism Way of lifeWay of life Attitudes/valuesAttitudes/values Patterns of behaviorPatterns of behavior
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Cities as engine of growth Mobilizing functions Decision-making functions Generative functions Transformative functions
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Urban system Interdependent set of cities in a region Urbanization generated by elites Tribute/taxes flow into elite, developing center
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xxxxxx Ancient cities Erbil, northern Iraq
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Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BCE Independent city-states, laid out on axis with central square
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The Roman Empire “All roads lead to Rome” (1 million in AD 100)
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Trajan’s Forum, Rome
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The Coliseum, Rome
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Roman Theater, Rome Theaters Throughout the Roman Empire, 200 CE
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Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Arches and columns
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The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300) Dark Ages breakdown in order; Medieval Age centered on Catholic Church; Defensive structures, walls; Cities not growing
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Medieval Castles in France Feudalism as Economic model Lords and peasants (serfs)
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Gothic Architecture
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Cologne Cathedral, Germany Church and Architecture
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Notre Dame de Paris
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Narrow, Twisty Medieval Streets Vienna, Austria
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Other European city characteristics Plazas High density Low skyline Lively downtown Neighborhood stability Symbolism Good municipal services
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Trade City Merchant capitalism emerges 1400s-1500s; Gradually replaces feudalism Mediterranean Sea ports Baltic/North Sea ports (Hanseatic League)
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Venice canals
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The Renaissance and Baroque Periods (1500 to 1800) Baroque Amsterdam
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Boulevards and “Third Places”
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Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna. Austria
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Winter palace, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Versailles, France
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Buckingham Palace, London
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Big Ben, London
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Westminster Abbey, London
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Parliament Houses of Parliament, London
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London Tower
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Arc de Triomphe, Paris
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Rediscovery of Classical Greco- Roman model
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Paris
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Industrial Revolution: Steam engine Steel Loom Industrial capitalist City (1800 on)
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Colonial City Established as colonial commercial or administrative center Associated with particular resource (coffee, gold, cacao, etc.) Often a port
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Colonial City Fort European Town Native town
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Modernism Industrialization Automobiles “Geography of Nowhere”
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World Urban Dwellers
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xxxxxx
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Urban percentage of population
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Urban growth rates 4/5 growth in Periphery (esp. in wars); 50% under poverty line
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xxxxxx
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Top 30 cities that are Core 1950 21 1980 11 2010 5
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Primate cities Primary, largest city (usually capital) much larger than others in country London, Paris, Mexico City, Cairo
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Gateway City Link (door) to another country or region because of location Hong Kong (China-world) Buffalo (U.S.-Canada)
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World cities Disproportionate share of global cultural influence “Where world’s business is done” Imperial capitals became corporate centers
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World cities 3 centers in Tripolar Economy: New York, London, Tokyo
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Urban Morphology in the U.S. 1. Walking City 2. Electric Streetcar Era 3. Early Automobile Era 4. Freeway Era
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Stages of intraurban growth
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The Walking City (until 1880s)
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Electric Streetcar Era (1888-1920) Arteries, early suburbs
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Early Automobile Era (1920-1945) Partition, expansion
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Freeway Era (1945 on) Cold War origins; suburbanization
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Suburbs building into natural areas, and paying the consequences
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Central Place Theory Explaining the relative size /function of urban centers as a function of economic behavior Range: Maximum distance buyer will travel Threshold: Minimum market size
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xxxxxx Central Place Theory in Spain
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Rank-Size Rule (U.S.) 2nd largest city 1/2 size of 1st 3rd largest city 1/3 size of 1st…..etc. etc. Philadelphia ranked 5th, 1/5th of NY Regional centers –Denver, Atlanta, Chicago, etc.
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Shock City Rapid economic and socio-cultural changes, population growth
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Urban growth: Metro areas
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Hinterland Area within economic “orbit” of a major regional center Economic flows toward big city; –Cultural influence from big city NW Wisconsin hinterland of Twin Cities Southern Wisconsin hinterland of Chicago
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Southeastern Wisconsin
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Bird’s-Eye View of Neenah-Menasha
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Fox Valley, Wisconsin Hydropower Farming Timber Paper Port of Green Bay
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