1. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Guido Biscontin & Dr. Francesca Caterina Izzo - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice Educational Toolkit Monitoring and Maintenance Module 5 Basic Course Topic 5.1 Definition of monitoring Teaching Material

2. Abstract The aim of the present module is to introduce Professors and students to the concept of monitoring as fundamental part of a conservation project. Whenever people speak about conservation or restoration always think about the practical intervention involving for example the cleaning of the architectural and decorative surfaces(stones, frescos, mosaics, etc.). The artefact materials are in fact subject to alteration over time, which is due to the interaction between the artefact and physical (light, temperature, relative humidity, etc.), chemical (atmospheric oxygen, various pollutants), and biological (bacteria, funguses, insects, etc.) factors. For many years the attention was mainly devoted to the intervention itself aiming to the stabilization of the degradation processes without thinking of the after intervention. Only during the last decay, strong has become the attention to the concept of monitoring in Cultural Heritage as Preventive Conservation. The term “monitoring” in Cultural Heritage means not only checking the conservation state of the artefact before, during and after the restoration process but finding the link with the environment where is located. Architecture and decorative surfaces would in fact present different problems/degradation processes or phenomena depending on the specific environment: indoor- outdoor, urban- rural, marine, etc. therefore also the interventions and products would be different in order to obtain a successful intervention. In this context, crucial will be the definition and selection of suitable parameters and easy methods for monitoring over time not only the artefact conservation state but also the stability and efficiency of the products. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. Guido Biscontin&Dr.Francesca Caterina Izzo - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice

3. Content Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Main topics of this presentation Definition of monitoring: a)Monitoring applied to architectural and decorative surfaces (stones, frescos, mosaics, stuccos, etc.) after the intervention b)Monitoring actions linked to specific environment Indoor-outdoor Urban-rural Marine, ect. c)Evaluation of conservative intervention Selection of best treatments Determination of most useful parameters d)Management and use e)Examples f)What to remember about monitoring Prof. Guido Biscontin&Dr.Francesca Caterina Izzo - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice

4. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. Definition Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Monitoring in the conservation of Cultural Heritage can be applied to all architectural and decorative surfaces: stones, frescos, mosaics, etc. Conservation of surfaces needs continuous actions because weathering processes often continue even on restored surfaces. In recent years a sustainable conservation policy of Cultural Heritage is searched and progressively frequent soft conservation works are preferred instead of an impressive one. In this frame monitoring become a part of the conservation plan and of the intervention itself helping in the choice of the most successful intervention.

5. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. Definition Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring The term “monitoring” in Cultural Heritage means not only checking the conservation state of the artefact before, during and after the restoration process but finding the link with the environment where is located, the degradation processes and the new and old products-treatments.. Monitoring EnvironmentDecayTreatments Preventive Conservation Architecture and decorative surfaces would in fact present different depending on the specific environment: indoor- outdoor, urban- rural, marine, etc. The interventions and products would be different in order to obtain a successful intervention.

6. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. Monitoring means… Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring a) to overview and understand the kinetics of the stability of CH, repeating measurements over time No control: rapid decay Maintenance,monitoring study, analyis, etc.: less rapid and more prepredictable trend time 100 % 0% stability

7. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring b) to perform evaluation tests on conservation products and treatments 5.1. Monitoring means…  Selection of the best conservative treatments considering: aesthetic and material compatibility with the system, sustainability, low environmental impact, low toxicity, etc.  Determination of the most relevant indexes for the correct evaluation of the use of innovative methodologies or new products (meaningful, objective, measurable and repeatable parameters )  Selection of the best conservative treatments considering: aesthetic and material compatibility with the system, sustainability, low environmental impact, low toxicity, etc.  Determination of the most relevant indexes for the correct evaluation of the use of innovative methodologies or new products (meaningful, objective, measurable and repeatable parameters ) In situ In laboratory

8. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring b) evaluation tests on conservation products and treatments in laboratory 5.1. Monitoring means… Biblioteca Marciana, S. Mark’s square, Venice Analysis of superficial architectural layers Patina with silicium and calcium oxalate

9. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring b) evaluation tests on conservation products and treatments in situ 5.1. Monitoring means… Application of differnt products Select the best one Check the stability, compatibility of the products over time

10. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring c) to carry out evaluation tests at the end of the conservation intervention and over time to control: 5.1. Monitoring means… the efficiency of the intervention and of the products in term of compatibility -Reversibility - Water repellence - Permeability -Stability -Low toxicity -Transparency - Low colour changes, etc. In situ biological disinfestation test on external buildings Instrian stone water permeability before and after protection treatment before after

11. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (1) Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Evaluation of conservation intervention for architectonic surfaces (stones, frescoes, plasters, mosaics, etc.) Determination of the most relevant INDEXES FOR THE CORRECT EVALUATION of the use of innovative methodologies or new products (meaningful, objective, measurable and repeatable parameters) Initial choice of the BEST CONSERVATIVE TREATMENTS considering required performances : aesthetic and material compatibility with the system, efficiency, ease of implementation, economy, low environmental impact, etc. Area A1 : disinfestation treatment hasn’t reached a good level

12. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Monitoring in the conservation of Cultural Heritage can be applied to all architectural and decorative surfaces: stones, frescos, mosaics, etc. 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (2) a) Measurements and monitoring actions by following determined repeatable PROCEDURES (where present, international PROTOCOLS AND NORMATIVES) Colour measurements on the surfaces (in loco) Measurements of soluble salts (in laboratory) Water absorption measurements : e.g. in laboratory water absorption and contact angle measurements 35° 135° 105° Angle <90° = wettability Angle >90° = water repellence

13. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Monitoring in the conservation of Cultural Heritage can be applied to all architectural and decorative surfaces: stones, frescos, mosaics, etc. 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (2) Water absorption measurements : e.g. in laboratory water absorption and contact angle measurements 35° 135° 105° Angle <90° = wettability Angle >90° = water repellence CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS EVALUATION OF WATER REPELLENCE/WATER AFFINITY OF STONE SAMPLES

14. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (2) e.g. Colour measurements on the surfaces (in loco and in alboratory) CIELAB system: L * defines the brightness a * indicates the value between red and green: a * positive values appear reddish, negative a * values greenish. b * indicates the value between yellow and blue: positive b * values appear yellowish, negative b * values bluish. Color representation using three- dimensional space (coordinates of tristimulus)

15. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring  E = the difference of recorded colour values (L*a*b*) 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (2) e.g. Colour measurements on the surfaces (in loco and in alboratory)  E =10 highest accepted value  E >10   E <10 Colour measurements provide an excellent tool to describe the evolution of the deterioration of the work over time, pointing to the color change, the emergence of various forms of degradation. Servirebberodue foto da inserire per far vedere

16. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Monitoring in the conservation of Cultural Heritage can be applied to all architectural and decorative surfaces: stones, frescos, mosaics, etc. b) Determination of performance reference levels for evaluating conservative treatments fitness and the right time for a new intervention (MONITORING AND PROGRAMMED ACTIONS) 5.1. Monitoring: evaluation of conservation intervention (2) Absorbed water (ml/cm 2 ) Time (min) Non treated material Treated material Treated and ageing material Water absorption Product is deteriorated Time for a maintenance intervention!!

17. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1.2 Monitoring actions linked to specific environment Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Marine, ect Indoor-outdoor Urban-rural Venice – high salt level!! Study material resistance to salts Air humidity level, sun exposition, pollution, dust, particles, etc. People, cars, vibrations, vegetations, etc.

18. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. 3 Management and Use Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring Monitoring the conservation state and products MONITORING MANAGEMENT AND USE CONSERVATIVE PREVENTION Cultural heritage (after consevation intervention) Follow over time the “heath” of the surfaces Check the efficiency of the products Planned interventions Good management of money and resources

19. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring 5.1. 4 Example Antigraffiti System: Organic system capable of forming a protection of the material (microcrystalline wax) System easy to apply System completely chemically and physically inert System capable of giving very low chromatic variations System with excellent reversibility Removable system (after the writing of graffiti) with ease and with non-invasive methods, totally compatible with the historical material Application of antigraffiti system

20. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring 5.1. 4 Example S. Mark’s square – Stone protected with antigraffiti products Before and after cleaning treatment

21. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage 5.1. 5 What to remember about monitoring… Prof. G.Biscontin & Dr.F.C. Izzo – Topic 5.1: Definiton of Monitoring. can be applied to all architectural and decorative surfaces: stones, frescos, mosaics, etc. checking the conservation state of the artefact before, during and after the restoration process finding the link with the environment where is located, the degradation processes and the new and old products-treatments architecture and decorative surfaces would in fact present different depending on the specific environment: indoor- outdoor, urban- rural, marine, etc. interventions and products would be different in order to obtain a successful intervention Monitoring aims to preventive conservations: wise management of money and of resources!!!