1. Living Arrangements and Elderly Care (Venice, 1850-1869) Renzo Derosas Department of Economics, Ca’Foscari University of Venice. Email: derosas@unive.it Objectives To describe the living arrangements of the elderly in an Italian city around mid-19 th century. To highlight the availability of close kin outside the household. To test the effect of both cohabiting and neighboring kin on the wellbeing of the elderly, as measured by differential mortality. Materials and Methods Data: Geo-coded life histories of 6,279 individuals aged 60 to 79 (longitudinal data at the individual and household levels, drawn from local population registers, 1850 to 1869). Overall, the population sample comprises about 30,000 individuals, living in 6 different areas of Venice. Methods: Descriptive statistics of living arrangements and the availability of kin. Hazards models of the risk of dying in the age group 60- 79, with covariates regarding the presence of close kin (spouse, children, siblings) as well as more distant kin. Background Contemporary surveys show that in ageing societies non- cohabiting kin provide important support to the elderly, proximity being a valuable alternative to cohabitation. This aspect is usually neglected by historical studies, overwhelmingly focused on household structures and patterns of cohabitation. This study shows that kinship and social networks beyond the household also matter and should be taken into account. Conclusions Solitary elderly were relatively rare in 19 th -century Venice, around 20%. Most lived with their spouses, children, or siblings. Furthermore, 48% had children and 18% had siblings living nearby. The average number of close kin (up to the third degree) was 5.8. Cohabiting and neighboring kin had a significant impact on the survival of the elderly, although varying with gender and the position of the relatives taken into account. Support from non-cohabiting relatives should be stressed. It is also worth noting that changes of residence, implying a possible disruption of the elderly social network, is associated with a remarkable mortality rise. Mortality hazards models Cohabitation and proximity % elderly cohabiting with Kin networks: an example M. Scarabellin kin network Maddalena Scarabellin’s extended kin network All Males Females CovariateDistribEXP(Coeff)p-valueDistribEXP(Coeff)p-valueDistribEXP(Coeff)p-value Gender male (ref.)0.431 female0.570.720.000 SES unskilled, day laborer (ref.)0.211 0.271 0.171 factory worker0.150.940.5490.240.790.0490.091.350.094 Shopkeeper, artisan0.161.040.7120.320.910.3760.041.430.143 middle class0.110.890.3090.140.800.1060.091.080.671 unknown0.361.280.0060.030.910.6770.611.590.000 religion Catholic (ref.)0.841 0.821 0.861 Jew0.160.850.0550.180.770.0350.140.910.448 current season winter (ref.)0.261 1 0.251 spring0.231.090.2880.231.170.1850.231.030.774 summer0.230.740.0010.230.780.0700.230.710.004 fall0.290.820.0180.290.860.2210.290.800.050 food price low (ref.)0.731 0.741 0.731 high0.271.060.3500.261.060.5440.271.070.453 cholera epidemic no (ref.)0.921 1 1 yes0.081.830.0000.081.910.0000.081.810.001 spouse absent0.551 0.371 0.681 present0.450.870.0570.630.800.0410.320.930.484 brothers none (ref.)0.871 1 0.881 coresident0.030.560.0070.040.550.0280.030.580.108 non-coresident only0.090.970.8000.091.180.3470.100.790.177 sisters none (ref.)0.851 0.861 0.841 coresident0.041.000.9980.031.280.2590.040.780.293 non-coresident only0.110.750.0130.110.690.0480.120.800.139 sons none (ref.)0.541 0.511 0.571 coresident0.380.890.0920.420.920.3930.350.870.165 non-coresident only0.070.840.1780.060.760.1950.080.890.476 daughters none (ref.)0.561 0.541 0.581 coresident0.350.920.2390.370.910.3540.330.920.411 non-coresident only0.090.740.0220.080.800.2710.100.700.041 no. of other kin none (ref.)0.301 0.221 0.361 1-50.401.180.0510.471.340.0300.351.020.839 6-100.151.300.0230.161.230.2470.141.330.064 11+0.151.240.1220.151.140.5460.141.270.195 mobility (in the previous year) none (ref.)0.851 1 0.861 intra-parish0.021.670.0070.021.730.0380.011.580.094 inter-parish0.081.080.4900.080.960.7800.081.200.207 don't know0.050.590.0010.050.520.0090.050.640.038 Events 1246 574 672 Arrows show descendance Nodes are either couples or individuals