1. Age of Exploration Ptolemy’s map c. 150 a.d.,

2. Maps as artifacts T-O map Jerusalem at center East at top 1300 a.d.

3. Portugese Foundations 1432 Portuguese navigators discover the Azores. 1441 Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish slave trade. ca. 1450 Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a Naval observatory for the teaching of navigation, astronomy, and cartography.

4. Genoese map c. 1457

5. Coasting Africa 1453 Turks overrun Constantinople, shutting off the overland trade route. 1470-84 Portuguese explorations discover Africa's Gold Coast and the Congo River. 1487 Bartholomeu Dias barely touches the Cape of Good Hope. Portuguese Map of Africa, ca. 1558, by Bastiam Lopez. British Library. Add. 27303. Lopez

6. Getting to China 1492 Columbus sets sail. 1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world between Spain and Portugal for the alleged purpose of spreading Christianity. 1497-98 Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. 1497 John Cabot sites "new found land" while searching for Northwest Passage. 1504 Venice proposes a Suez Canal to the Sultan of Turkey.

7. Competition intensifies 1511 Portugal defeats the Arabs in a major naval battle at the Straits of Sunda, taking control of the Spice Islands as the center of Far East trade. (The Straits lie between Java and Borneo, now Indonesia.) 1512 England begins construction of double- deck warships.

8. Mapping a New World 1519 Magellan begins his journey to circumnavigate the world with five ships and 270 men. 1521 April 27, Magellan killed by natives in the Philippines. 1522 September 6, eighteen of Magellan's crew and one ship return. 1520's - Agnese, Battista, World Map, Magellan's Track

9. New France 1534 Jacques Cartier enters the St. Lawrence River. Land in Great Lakes claimed for France

10. The English Sail 1577 Sir Francis Drake sets sail from England. He circumnavigates the globe. 1609 Henry Hudson explores present-day New York and Hudson River and claims them for England.