1. Neurologic Examination

2. Head Neck & forelimbs Trunk & hindlinbs Tail & anus Gait & posture Ancillary aids

3. Cranial nerves Slap test TL reflex

4. Neck & forelimbs

6. Trunk & hindlinbs

8. Tail & anus

9. Gait & posture

10. Ataxia

11. Gait & posture Weakness

12. Gait & posture

13. Case History 12yo Cleveland Bay mare Sudden onset grade 4 ataxia and paraparesis

14. Neurologic Examination © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

15. Lesion location

16. CSF

17. Possible cause?

18. Equine Ataxia

19. * 7 year old riding gelding * abrupt onset ataxia * weakness * urinary incontinence VIDEO CASE 1

20. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

21. CSF

22. EHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy

23. * 8 year old pregnant mare * sudden onset of signs * swelling at level of axis VIDEO CASE 2

24. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

25. Cervical radiographs

26. * yearling TB gelding * 1 month progressive ataxia VIDEO CASE 3

27. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

28. Cervical radiographs

30. Type I CVM “dynamic compression” mostly young patients formative vertebral changes - DOD vertebral canal stenosis

31. * 4 year old Arabian gelding * 12 weeks progressive ataxia VIDEO CASE 4

32. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

33. Cervical radiographs

34. Type II CVM “static compression” older patients proliferative osteoarthritis caudal neck malformed pedicles and arch

35. Type II CVM trauma? osteochondrosis? both?

36. * adult riding gelding * abrupt onset of unsteadiness/ataxia * muscle tremors VIDEO CASE 5

37. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

38. Ryegrass Staggers Diffuse Spino-vestibulo-cerebellar Syndrome hypometric ataxia little weakness muscle tremor muscle fasciculation ataxic eyeball movements ‘convulsive’ episodes

39. * 6 month old Eriskay pony * 3 months progressive ataxia VIDEO CASE 6

40. © 2003 Joe Mayhew Click the button to play the movie

41. VIDEO CASE 6

42. Cerebellar Degeneration [Abiotrophy]

44. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

45. EPM Sarcocystis neurona definitive host - North American opossum int. hosts – racoon, armadillo ….. serum immunoblot test for antibodies CSF immunoblot test for antibodies CSF pcr for antigenic sequences

46. EPM Treatment sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine diclazuril, toltrazuril nitazoxanide Vaccine

47. West-Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis Reservoir Dead end hosts

48. West-Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis Clinical Signs% Increased Body Temperature65 Anorexia57 Weakness94 Ataxia72 Abnormal Mentation67 Fasciculations61 Cranial Nerve Deficits44 Teeth Grinding20 Ptyalism7

49. West-Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis Diagnosis CSF – 70% abnormal Serology – IgM ELISA; 93% sensitivity

50. West-Nile Virus Encephalomyelitis 35% mortality Vaccination – at least twice yearly Remove stagnant water