1. Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American Chapter 6 MEEN 3110 – Fluid Mechanics and Applications Fall - 2010 Lecture 06 LOSSES IN PIPE SYSTEMS

2. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American Chapter Objectives  Up on completion of this lecture, the student will be able to: To study and evaluate pressure losses due to viscous (frictional) effects in fluid flows through pipes, valves and other fittings following these tasks:  To determine and plot the values of head loss as a function of volume flow rate.  Plot the values of friction factor as a function of Reynolds Number.

3. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory  One of the most common problems in fluid mechanics is the estimation of pressure loss.

4. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory

5. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory  Head Loss The head loss in a pipe circuit falls into two categories: That due to viscous resistance extending throughout the total length of the circuit, and; That due to localized effects such as valves, sudden changes in area of flow, and bends. The overall head loss is a combination of both these categories. Because of mutual interference between neighboring components in a complex circuit the total head loss may differ from that estimated from the losses due to the individual components considered in isolation.

6. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory  Head Loss in Straight Pipes The head loss along a length, L, of straight pipe of constant diameter, d, is given by the expression: where f is a dimensionless constant which is a function of the Reynolds number of the flow and the roughness of the internal surface of the pipe.

7. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory  Head Loss due to Sudden Changes in Area of Flow Sudden Expansion: The head loss at a sudden expansion is given by the expression: Sudden Contraction: The head loss at a sudden contraction is given by the expression:

8. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory where K is a dimensionless coefficient which depends upon the area ratio as shown in Table 2.1. This table can be found in most good textbooks on fluid mechanics.  Head Loss Due To Bends The head loss due to a bend is given by the expression: where K B is a dimensionless coefficient which depends upon the bend radius/pipe radius ratio and the angle of the bend

9. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.1 Theory  Head Loss due to Valves The head loss due to a valve is given by the expression: where the value of K depends upon the type of valve and the degrees of opening.

10. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.2 Principles of Pressure Loss Measurements

11. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.2 Principles of Pressure Loss Measurements

12. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.2 Principles of Pressure Loss Measurements  Considering Figure 2.5, since points 1 and 2 have the same elevation and pipe diameter:

13. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.2 Principles of Pressure Loss Measurements

14. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.3 Important Graphs for Calculations

15. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.3 Important Graphs for Calculations

16. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.3 Important Graphs for Calculations

17. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.3 Important Graphs for Calculations

18. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.3 Important Graphs for Calculations

19. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.4 Equipment H16 – Losses in Pipe Systems

20. 6. Losses in Pipe Systems Fluid Mechanics and Applications Inter American 6.4 Equipment H16 – Losses in Pipe Systems