1. Public Gardens and the Sentinel Plant Network Sentinel Plant Network Module 1

2. Module Objectives Historic examples Current issues Success stories The Sentinel Plant Network – National Plant Diagnostic Network – American Public Gardens Association SPN expectations and opportunities

3. Historic Examples Chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Native species: one that occurs naturally with respect to a particular ecosystem, rather than as a result of an accidental or deliberate introduction into that ecosystem by humans. Exotic species: a species that is not indigenous to a region, non- native or alien. American chestnuts (Castanea dentata), Great Smoky Mts., NC, ca. 1910.

4. Historic Examples Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Invasive species: organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem and whose introduction causes economic, social or environmental harm Central Avenue “Arch of Heaven” c. 1933. American elms (Ulmus americana) lining Cornell University’s Central Avenue.

6. Current Issues Sudden oak death Phytophthora ramorum Tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) killed by sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) in the Big Sur area of California. The green trees are primarily redwood.

7. Current Issues Sudden oak death Thousand cankers disease Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis Black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in Colorado that have died as a result of thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis).

8. Current Issues Sudden oak death Thousand cankers disease Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Raffaelea lauricola and Xyleborus glabratus Redbay (Persea borbonia) mortality in Florida caused by laurel wilt and redbay ambrosia beetles.

9. Current Issues Sudden oak death Thousand cankers disease Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) damage on ash spp. (Fraxinus spp.) in Ohio.

10. Current Issues Sudden oak death Thousand cankers disease Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Emerald ash borer Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis “If the Asian longhorned beetle becomes established here, it has the potential to cause more damage than Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight and gypsy moths combined, destroying millions of acres of America's treasured hardwoods, including national forests and backyard trees. The beetle has the potential to damage such industries as lumber, maple syrup, nursery, commercial fruit and tourism accumulating over $41 billion in losses.” Excerpt from a 2001 risk assessment by USDA- APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine Trees infested with Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) are removed and destroyed. Before and after images taken on Granville Avenue in Worcester, MA.

11. Current Issues Elsewhere… “A sad milestone in the spread of a disease mortally affecting Britain's horsechestnut trees was passed this week when one of the country's noblest horsechestnut avenues was finally cut down.” - The Independent, 26 February 2011 Barrington Court in Somerset, England after the final horsechestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum) were removed.

12. SUCCESS STORIES There is hope

13. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Lymantria dispar and Callidiellum villosulum Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and brown fir longhorned beetle (Callidiellum villosulum)

14. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Plum pox virus Potyvirus Symptoms of plum pox virus on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit and leaves.

15. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Plum pox virus Oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum Oak wilt treatment site; sign forbidding firewood gathering, to prevent spread of oak wilt. Foliar symptoms on northern red oak (top).

16. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth Plum pox virus Oak wilt Bleeding canker of horsechestnut Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi Flower on healthy horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).

17. OPPORTUNITIES Public Garden

18. Opportunities… At present, the furthest point east on the regulated quarantine area is Route 140 in Shrewsbury, which is approximately 40 miles from the Arnold Arboretum. With the increase in emergences of invasive exotic pests, it may only be a matter of time before this destructive pest makes its way to the Arnold Arboretum and we want to be prepared for it when and if it does arrive. - Arnold Arboretum’s ALB Management Plan, June 2010

19. Public Gardens Many gardens have some level of monitoring program in place. 61% of gardens surveyed are monitoring their collections regularly 29% are monitoring when possible According to a survey by Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2).

20. Public Gardens Many gardens are sharing this pest/pathogen information and assisting their visitors with similar problems 64% of gardens share information on their pests and pathogens with other gardens 70% of gardens share the information with their visitors through visitor and education programs Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2). According to a survey by Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)

21. Public Gardens Many gardens are utilizing outside resources to help with identification. 84% of gardens seek assistance with insect ID 88% of gardens seek assistance with identifying plant diseases Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2). According to a survey by Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)

22. THE SENTINEL PLANT NETWORK An Effective Partnership

23. Need for a Sentinel Plant Network Impacts Economic Environmental Social Health Aesthetic Early detection requires increased awareness and regular monitoring.

24. The Sentinel Plant Network The Sentinel Plant Network (SPN) is a collaboration between the American Public Gardens Association (APGA) and the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) and is funded through the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

25. Our Mission The Sentinel Plant Network contributes to plant conservation by engaging public garden professionals, volunteers and visitors in the detection and diagnosis of high consequence pests and pathogens.

26. What We Do Provide public garden professionals with training and diagnostic support Enhance garden outreach efforts on the impact of high consequence plant pests and pathogens and engage individuals as First Detectors Facilitate greater collaboration about high consequence pests and pathogens through improved databases and communication protocols

27. NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK Protecting the Nation’s Agriculture & Natural Ecosystems

28. The NPDN Mission Enhance national agricultural security by quickly detecting and identifying introduced pests and pathogens. NPDN - primary mission areas Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication

29. The NPDN Mission, cont… Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication First Detectors: individuals who in the course of their duties are in a position to notice an unusual outbreak, a pest of concern, or symptoms of a pest of concern and who have completed NPDN training to improve their pest detection skills.

30. Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication The NPDN Mission, cont…

32. AMERICAN PUBLIC GARDENS ASSOCIATION Committed to Increasing the Knowledge of Public Garden Professionals

33. The APGA Mission Advancing Public Gardens as a force for positive change in their communities through leadership, advocacy and innovation. Our Vision: “A world where public gardens are indispensable”

34. APGA Strategic Goals Strengthen the capacity of public gardens to affect change in their communities Leverage the collective strength of public gardens Advance the professionalism of public gardens

35. The Sentinel Plant Network Capacity 500+ APGA member gardens 4000-5000 public garden professionals at APGA member gardens 70 million visitors to APGA gardens annually

36. The Sentinel Plant Network Partnership NPDN Develop educational content Provide diagnostic support APGA Recruit gardens to participate Disseminate information about the SPN through its membership Conduct training workshops for professionals Produce outreach materials

37. Why should gardens participate in the Sentinel Plant Network?

38. Benefits to participating in the SPN Cost savings through the preservation of collections and specimens Disaster preparedness and risk management through improved monitoring Specialized professional development opportunities Access to plant diagnostic support and expertise Access to SPN educational outreach materials and programs

39. What is expected from gardens? Provide SPN educational outreach materials to the visiting public Publicize your institution’s involvement in SPN through website links, newsletter articles, press releases, etc.

40. More ways to participate Participate in professional development workshops Perform routine scouting for pests/pathogens in your collections or natural areas Collect and submit samples of unknown pest and pathogens for diagnosis as needed Complete reports on scouting activity and sample submissions

41. More ways to participate Provide SPN training modules to staff and volunteers Conduct an annual “First Detector” training session for community members

42. The Sentinel Plant Network’s Mission The Sentinel Plant Network contributes to plant conservation by engaging public garden professionals, volunteers and visitors in the detection and diagnosis of high consequence pests and pathogens.

43. Questions For more information on the Sentinel Plant Network visit www.publicgardens.org/content/sentinel-plant- network www.publicgardens.org/content/sentinel-plant- network Or contact SPN manager Daniel Stern at dstern@publicgardens.org dstern@publicgardens.org

44. Author credits Rachel L. McCarthy, MPS, NEPDN Education and Training Coordinator, Cornell University, rachel.mccarthy@cornell.edurachel.mccarthy@cornell.edu George W. Hudler, PhD, NEPDN Director, Cornell University, gwh2@cornell.edugwh2@cornell.edu Amanda Hodges, PhD, SPDN Associate Director, NPDN Training and Education Program Area Manager, University of Florida, achodges@ufl.edu achodges@ufl.edu

45. Reviewer credits Caroline Lewis, Education Strategist and CEO The CLEO Institute Emily Griswold, Assistant Director of Horticulture, UC Davis Arboretum Lynnae Jess, Assistant Director, North Central IPM Center

46. References Chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schlarbaum002.htm Sudden oak death www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/history-background/ www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/S BR_StopTheSpread.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/S BR_StopTheSpread.pdf Thousand cankers disease http://mda.mo.gov/plants/pdf/tc_pathwayanalysis.pdf http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/fhm/sp/tcd/tcd.shtml

47. References Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/history.shtml Emerald ash borer www.emeraldashborer.info/ Asian longhorned beetle www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/asian_lhb/background.sh tml www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/asian_lhb/background.sh tml Elsewhere www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-conker-canker-disease- fells-avenue-of-horse-chestnuts-2226076.html www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-conker-canker-disease- fells-avenue-of-horse-chestnuts-2226076.html

48. References Asian gypsy moth www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/february_2011/0 2222011.xml www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/february_2011/0 2222011.xml www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/agm- background.shtml www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/agm- background.shtml Brown fir longhorned beetle www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/march_2011/032 82011_2.xml www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/march_2011/032 82011_2.xml Plum pox virus www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs _rev_plumpox_2009.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs _rev_plumpox_2009.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/plum_pox/downloads/D A-2009-55.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/plum_pox/downloads/D A-2009-55.pdf

49. References Oak wilt www.na.fs.fed.us/ss/10/decisive_action.pdf Bleeding canker of horsechestnut www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/federal_order/do wnloads/da2010-02.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/federal_order/do wnloads/da2010-02.pdf ALB across from the Arnold http://arboretum.harvard.edu/news-events/archived-news/alb/ Invasive species www.csrees.usda.gov/invasivespecies.cfm

50. Date of Publication September 2011