1. Dr. Tarek El Sewedy Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences

2. LECTURE 7 Diseases and disorders & Nomenclature of Cancer

3. By the end of this lecture, students will learn: 1. examples of medical terms used to describe some diseases and disorders. 2.Nomenclature of Cancer Intended Learning Outcomes

4. Lecture content Common diseases and disorders. Cancer terminology

5. Diseases and disorders

6. TermDefinitions aplasia 1. Congenital absence of an organ or tissue. 2. Incomplete or defective development of an organ 3. Cessation of usual regenerative process in an organ atresia describes the congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular cystic fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus genetic disorder a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene functional disorder produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified muscular dystrophy the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement nosocomial infection a disease acquired in a hospital

7. Nasal Aplasia

8. Radial Aplasia (thumb)

10. Radial Aplasia

11. Ear atresia

12. The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine

14. Cystic fibrosis

15. muscular dystrophy

16. TermDefinitions leukaemia type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, circulating blood megaloblastic anaemia a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal thalassemia an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and few red blood cells than normal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) the most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection anaphylaxis a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes autoimmune disorder any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues carcinoma a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

17. Anaphylaxis

18. TermDefinitions carcinoma in situ describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues ductal carcinoma in situ breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct opportunistic infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans sarcoma a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a form of sudden severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year anorexia nervosa psychiatric illness, an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance

19. anorexia nervosa

21. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

22. TermDefinitions botulism food poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum bulimia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting cirrhosisa progressive degenerative disease of the liver salmonellosis an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces

23. Terminology of cancer

24. Medical Terminology of cancer Neoplasia and neoplasm are the accurate, scientific names for abnormal growths. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Cancer is a widely used word that is usually understood as synonymous with malignant neoplasm. Because of its popularity relative to 'neoplasia', the term Cancer is used frequently instead of 'neoplasia‘.

25. Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumour and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumour. The following general categories are usually accepted: 1.Carcinoma: malignant tumours derived from epithelial cells. This group represent the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer. 2.Lymphoma and Leukaemia: malignant tumours derived from blood and bone marrow cells. 3.Sarcoma: malignant tumours derived from connective tissue.

26. 4.Glioma: tumours derived from brain cells 5.germ cell tumours: tumours derived from germ cells, normally found in the testicle and ovary. 6.Choriocarcinoma: malignant tumours derived from the placenta.

27. Hepatocarcinoma : a malignant tumour of liver cells. Liposarcoma : a malignant tumour of the fat cells. adenocarcinoma: carcinoma of glandular tissues. carcin(o)- (cancer causing).

28. benign – tumor at a stage preceding malignant malignant – full blown cancer tumor hyperplasia –Excessive growing of a group of cells. Metastasis- Migration of cancerous cells from origin to another tissue.

29. un-differentiated cells (ex. stem cells): typically differentiate to become a specialized cell type (skin cells, blood cells, etc) de-differentiation: refers to the apparent reversal of this process (such that the cell no longer appears to possess the properties of a stem cell, blood cell, etc).

30. Students selected for assignments هدير كمال جمعة أبو بكر رحمة مسعد عبد اللطيف

31. Assignments Students on next slide are requested to prepare a presentation (minimum of 5 slides) on any the following topics: 1.Body parts and organization 2.Abbreviations used in medical fields 3.Cancer terminology Assignments should be delivered by next week

32. Study questions - Write the suffix and the meaning for the following words hat means “condition of” in each of the following words: 1. egotism (exaggerated self-importance) 2. dysentery (intestinal disorder) 3. insomnia (inability to sleep) 4. parasitism (infection with parasites or behaving as a parasite) 5. thrombosis (having a blood clot in a vessel) 6. psoriasis (skin disease) 7. analgesia (absence of pain) 8. sclerosis (hardening)

33. Reference books 1 – Medical Terminology an illustrated Guide by Barbara Jonson Cohen 2003 2 – “Medical Terminology Simplified” F. A David 2009 3 – “Medical Terminology system : Approach Fifth Edition” Barbara A Gylys 2004