1. Chapter 15: Nervous System and Behavioral Health
medical terminology

2. Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CNS
ADD
ADHD CP
CVA HA
LOC MS
TIA
central nervous system
attention deficit disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
cerebral palsy
cerebrovascular accident
headache
loss of consciousness
multiple sclerosis
transient ischemic attack (little strokes)

3. Chapter 15 Abbreviations
CSF
ICP CT
EEG LP
MRI
A&O
PERL BA
ETOH
cerebrospinal fluid
intracranial pressure
computerized tomography
electroencephalogram
lumbar puncture
magnetic resonance imaging
alert and oriented
pupils equal and react to light
blood alcohol (drinking alcohol)
ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol)

4. The Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: CNS (brain & spinal cord) & PNS (all other nerves)
Function
Forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities
Also designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory info., and to send directions to muscles or glands in response
Mental activities such as thought, memory, and emotions

5. The Nervous System

6. The Nervous System Organs of the CNS Brain
contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities
cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. Controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum
ventricles: spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

7. The Nervous System brainstem
cerebellum: located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance (hindbrain)
brainstem
stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. 10 of 12 cranial nerves originate here
pons: literally means bridge. Connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem
medulla oblongata: located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure
midbrain: most superior portion of the brainstem

8. The Nervous System cerebrospinal fluid spinal cord
clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
spinal cord
passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
meninges: three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

9. The Nervous System dura mater: tough outer layer of the meninges
arachnoid: delicate middle layer of the meninges. Loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space
pia mater: thin inner layer of the meninges

10. The Nervous System Organs of the PNS nerve
cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
ganglion (pl. ganglia): group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
glia: specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Three types are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)

11. The Nervous System
neuron: a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.

12. Word Parts for the Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
dur/o
encephal/o
gangli/o, ganglion/o
mening/o, meningi/o
cerebellum – balance and coordination portion of brain
cerebrum – thinking part of brain
dura mater, outermost meninge
brain
ganglion (collection of nerve endings outside CNS)
meninges – 3 layers around brain and spinal cord (dura, pia, arachnoid)

13. Word Parts for the Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
myel/o
neur/o
radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
spinal cord
nerve
nerve root (anterior and posterior fibers from spinal cord that comprise spinal nerve)

14. Word Parts commonly used with Nervous System
Combining Form
Definition
esthesi/o
ment/o, psych/o
mon/o
phas/o
quadr/i
sensation, feeling
mind
one, single
speech
four

15. Word Parts for the Nervous System
Suffix
Definition
-iatrist
-iatry
-ictal
-paresis
specialist, physician
specialty, study of or field of
seizure, attack
slight paralysis

16. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
cerebellitis
cerebral thrombosis
duritis
encephalitis
encephalomalacia
encephalomyeloradiculitis
gangliitis
meningioma
meningitis
meningocele

17. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
meningomyelocele
mononeuropathy
neuralgia
neurasthenia
neuritis
neuroarthropathy
neuroma
neuropathy
polyneuritis
polyneuropathy

18. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
radiculitis
radiculopathy
rhizomeningomyelitis
subdural hematoma

19. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
cerebral aneurysm
cerebral embolism
dementia
aneurysm in the cerebrum
an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. A common cause of cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic stroke, is atrial fibrillation
cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior

20. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
epilepsy
hydrocephalus
sciatica
condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders, all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain
increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

21. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
stroke
occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction
Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees.
Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel, Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)

22. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time.
Symptoms may be similar to those of stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

23. Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
ganglionectomy
neurectomy
neurolysis
neuroplasty
neurorrhaphy
neurotomy
radicotomy
rhizotomy

24. Med Terms (from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
cerebral angiography
NEURODIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
electroencephalogram (EEG)
electroencephalograph
electroencephalography

25. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)
process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth.
Procedure is painless and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors

26. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Imaging]
Definition
magnectic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan)
a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Unlike a CT scan, MRI produces images w/o use of radiation
Used to visualize tumors, edema, multiple sclerosis, and herniated disks

27. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)
nuclear medicine imaging techniqe with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity.
images are projected on a viewing screen

28. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Imaging]
Definition
lumbar puncture (LP)
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
It is performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes (also called spinal tap)

29. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
anesthesia
aphasia
cephalalgia
cerebral
craniocerebral
dysphasia
encephalosclerosis
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
hyperesthesia

30. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
interictal
intracerebral
mental
monoparesis
monoplegia
myelomalacia
neuroid
neurologist
neurology
panplegia

31. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
paresthesia
postictal
preictal
quadriplegia
subdural

32. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
afferent
ataxia
cognitive
coma
concussion
conveying toward a center (i.e. afferent nerves carry impulses to the central nervous system)
lack of muscle coordination
pert. to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason
state of profound unconsciousness
injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness

33. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
conscious
convulsion
disorientation
efferent
gait
awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure
a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity
conveying away from the center (i.e. efferent nerves carry information away from the central nervous system)
a manner or style of walking

34. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
incoherent
paraplegia
seizure
shunt
unable to express one’s thought or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner
paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord
sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

35. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
syncope
unconsciousness
fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
state of being unaware of surrounding and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs

36. Med Terms (from word parts) [Behavioral Health]
Definition
psychiatrist
psychiatry
psychogenic
psychologist
psychology
psychopathy
psychosis (pl. psychoses)
psychosomatic

37. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Behavioral Health]
DELETED TERMS
anorexia nervosa
anxiety disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
autism
bipolar disorder
bulimia nervosa
major depression
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
panic attack
phobia
pica
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
schizophrenia
somatoform disorders

38. Neurological Assessment
A + O x 3 = alert and oriented times three (person place and time) [alert – what does the patient respond to? – voice, touch, pain]
PERL – pupils equal and reactive to light
Mentation – ability to think
Reflexes
LOC = level of consciousness or loss of consciousness